Hunton Andrews Kurth
8 Experts
2 Contributions by Hunton Andrews Kurth
PRACTICE NOTES
Although an LNG scheme must, to differing extents, address every stage of the LNG value chain, this Practice Note concentrates on the features that set it apart from other hydrocarbon ventures: liquefaction, LNG shipping and LNG regasification. The contractual arrangements and issues in the upstream and downstream limbs of an LNG scheme broadly mirror those seen in crude oil projects. For a general overview of LNG, refer to Practice Note: LNG—an introduction. For additional, practical guidance on financing energy, power and resources developments across multiple sectors, including those covered here, see the textbook Energy and Resources Financing: A Practical Handbook.
Key issues in LNG projects
Integrated or non-integrated structures
In essence, an LNG venture is organised as either an ‘integrated’ model or a ‘non‑integrated’ (ie standalone) business. The preferred model chiefly reflects the sponsor’s willingness to commit capital to different parts of the LNG chain.
Energy
PRACTICE NOTES
As smartphones, tablets and other personal computing devices become ever more prevalent, users now expect applications (apps) they can use on those platforms. This substantial demand has enabled companies and individuals to create a wide range of apps to meet users’ needs. Nevertheless, monetising apps is not always straightforward.
This Practice Note:
reviews the key background and terminology related to apps
sets out the different monetisation models developers have pursued for apps
identifies contractual issues likely to arise in this area, and
summarises other pertinent legal considerations
There are numerous routes to monetising apps and, for the most part, no single solution will resolve every legal challenge that may arise. Accordingly, this Practice Note concentrates on the approaches most commonly adopted in the market. Developers should note that app monetisation is an area of rapid development and change, so care is required when selecting the most
TMT
3 Contributions by Hunton Andrews Kurth Experts
PRACTICE NOTES
Exporters aiming to take their goods or services into overseas markets often face significant exposure as they pursue new business. The likelihood of non‑payment in such environments increases where there is elevated:
commercial risk (ie failure to pay by an overseas buyer, the buyer’s insolvency, unilateral breach of contract, non‑performance of the asset, or non‑payment by off‑takers), and
political risk (ie the risk that government action or political circumstances will adversely affect local business and/or international investment)
For certain goods or services, or in particular markets, these risks can materially restrict the availability of commercial financiers; in the absence of Export Credit Agency (ECA) support, many projects may never get off the ground. ECAs step into this gap to help mitigate the commercial and/or political risks inherent in dealing with an overseas business, providing a vital source of financial backing to project
Banking & Finance
PRACTICE NOTES
Projects are typically financed on a limited recourse basis
In project financings, capital is usually assembled from a combination of sources:
government contributions
senior debt arranged by commercial lenders and/or funds (see Practice Note: Project finance—key finance parties)
equity injected by project sponsors (see Practice Note: Project finance—key project parties—Sponsor)
That said, in some jurisdictions, obtaining senior debt from commercial lenders and/or funds can prove difficult owing to constrained local liquidity and/or actual or perceived political risks (see Practice Note: Project risks and risk allocation—Legal and political risk in a project finance transaction).
In developing markets, this shortfall can be addressed by institutional lenders such as Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) and multilateral or bilateral (national) Development Finance Institutions (DFIs). Alternatively, providers of senior debt may benefit from ECA or DFI support through a guarantee or other insurance
Banking & Finance
PRACTICE NOTES
This Practice Note explores the territorial reach of the regime set by the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR), the Assimilated Regulation (EU) 2016/679. It also outlines when a UK representative must be designated. For high-level introductions to UK data protection, see Practice Notes: Data protection law—new starter guide and The UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR). The UK data protection law collection assembles further general guidance on the UK GDPR framework and is a recommended place to begin research.
In brief
In outline, and subject to certain limited exceptions, the UK GDPR may apply to:
processing of personal data undertaken in connection with the activities of a controller’s or processor’s establishment in the UK, irrespective of whether the processing itself occurs inside or outside the UK
processing personal data of data subjects in the UK by a
Information Law
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