Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Establishment definition

What does Establishment mean? In cross‑border insolvency practice, an “establishment” is a debtor’s place of operations in a state where it conducts a stable, non‑transitory economic activity using people and assets. The concept is used to justify secondary (EU) or non‑main (Model Law) proceedings alongside main proceedings at the debtor’s centre of main interests (COMI). It is a defined term in Regulation (EU) 2015/848 (the recast Insolvency Regulation) and in the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross‑Border Insolvency (implemented in Great Britain by the Cross‑Border Insolvency Regulations 2006 and in Northern Ireland by the 2007 Regulations). In both regimes, it requires more than a...

WTO Anti-Dumping: Practitioner’s Guide to Investigations, Like Product, Normal Value and Export Price, Injury, Causation and Duty Margins

Published by a LexisNexis International Trade expert

Practice notes

Introduction to anti-dumping duties

Anti-dumping measures have featured in cross-border trade long before the World Trade Organisation (WTO) came into being. Domestic anti-dumping laws trace back to the early 20th century. Before the WTO existed, the 1947 General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) included Article VI, which addressed dumping. That provision laid down rules on dumping and the levying of anti-dumping duties. The WTO’s Anti-Dumping Agreement takes its name from GATT 1947 Article VI, and is formally titled the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994. Article VI of GATT 1947 was debated extensively and negotiated during several negotiating rounds ahead of the WTO’s creation. Among the outcomes was an Anti-Dumping Code concluded in the 1967 Kennedy Round, later updated in the 1979 Tokyo Round. These efforts ultimately led to the WTO’s Anti-Dumping Agreement, which entered into force alongside the WTO on 1 January 1995 following the Uruguay Round negotiations. Notably, neither GATT 1947 Article VI nor the Anti-Dumping Agreement prohibit...

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Web page updated on 26/05/2026

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