Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Agreement definition

What does Agreement mean? In competition law practice, an agreement is any form of coordination between undertakings that shows a meeting of minds about market conduct (for example pricing, output, customers or territories). It is not limited to a legally enforceable contract: it includes informal or “gentlemen’s” understandings, oral arrangements, email exchanges and tacit understandings, and extends to decisions of associations of undertakings. Mere parallel conduct is insufficient without evidence of contact or communication. The term is used in legislation and developed by case law: Article 101 TFEU, section 4 of Ireland’s Competition Act 2002, and the UK Chapter I prohibition in the Competition...

Practitioner guide to WTO plurilateral agreements: Agreement on Government Procurement and Trade in Civil Aircraft—scope, coverage thresholds, non-discrimination, procurement standards, transparency, and elimination of customs duties

Published by a LexisNexis International Trade expert

Practice notes

Introduction

The plurilateral accords of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) are set out clearly in Annex 4 to the Marrakesh agreement. These agreements address situations where certain member States consent to rules on trade in particular subjects that others are unwilling to accept. Consequently, plurilateral arrangements arise whenever multilateral consent is absent across the full membership. They therefore bind solely those Members that opt to participate in them. At present, there are just two plurilateral agreements, namely the Agreement on Government Procurement and the Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft, while the International Dairy Agreement and the International Bovine Meat Agreement came to an end at the close of 1997. Member States have also negotiated a plurilateral pact concerning trade in services, the Trade in Services Agreement, which has not yet been concluded.

The WTO’s Agreement on Government Procurement Introduction

Public procurement was initially left outside the ambit of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947. It was expressly excluded from the National Treatment principle. Article III.8(a) of the GATT 1947 provides that the National Treatment obligation does not apply to laws, regulations or requirements governing procurement by governmental agencies of products purchased strictly for governmental purposes. This...

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Web page updated on 26/05/2026

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