Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Agreement definition

What does Agreement mean? In competition law practice, an agreement is any form of coordination between undertakings that shows a meeting of minds about market conduct (for example pricing, output, customers or territories). It is not limited to a legally enforceable contract: it includes informal or “gentlemen’s” understandings, oral arrangements, email exchanges and tacit understandings, and extends to decisions of associations of undertakings. Mere parallel conduct is insufficient without evidence of contact or communication. The term is used in legislation and developed by case law: Article 101 TFEU, section 4 of Ireland’s Competition Act 2002, and the UK Chapter I prohibition in the Competition...

A lawyer's guide to the WTO Agreement on Import Licensing: obligations, automatic and non-automatic procedures, transparency, administration and notification

Published by a LexisNexis International Trade expert

Practice notes

This Practice Note presents the WTO’s agreement on Import Licensing, outlining the overarching provisions that apply to all import licensing procedures, together with the particular rules relevant to automatic and non-automatic import licensing procedures. It also explains the obligation to notify the WTO Committee on Import Licensing.

Introduction

Import licensing can impede trade in goods. This had already been acknowledged under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947. Article VIII of GATT 1947 treated import licensing in broad terms, including that:

Member States recognised the need to minimise import and export formalities, and to reduce and simplify import and export documentation requirements
Member States agreed, if requested by another Member State, to review the operations of their laws and regulations in light of Article VIII
Member States were prohibited from imposing substantial penalties for minor breaches of customs regulations or procedural requirements

During the Tokyo Round of negotiations, Member States adopted the Tokyo Round Import Licensing Code, which entered into force on 1 January 1980. It further reinforced disciplines on import licensing to ensure that import licensing procedures...

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Web page updated on 27/05/2026

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