Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

PDF definition

What does PDF mean? PDF (Portable Document Format) is the fixed-layout file type widely used by legal professionals to create, share and lodge electronic documents, including contracts, pleadings, witness statements, authorities and court bundles. It is not defined in legislation or case law; it is a descriptive technical term used across legal practice. A PDF preserves pagination and formatting and can contain searchable text. PDFs generated from word-processed files are usually searchable; scanned documents require optical character recognition (OCR) to enable text search and copy. Courts and tribunals in England & Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland generally accept PDFs for e-filing and electronic bundles,...

Biomass CHP in the UK: technologies, fuels, planning and environmental considerations, costs, and government support schemes

Published by a LexisNexis Energy expert

Practice notes

What is biomass combined heat and power?

A biomass combined heat and power (CHP) system uses an engine to produce energy from biomass. In essence, CHP functions as a compact power plant that recovers heat, with very small distribution losses thanks to its closeness to the demand. As a result, it can deliver markedly higher generation efficiency, with inherent carbon reductions and cost savings. Total efficiencies of 80–90% are attainable, whereas conventional condensing power stations achieve around 40% in electricity output. Figure 1 shows a schematic of a biomass CHP system (source: WSP). Choosing biomass rather than natural gas—the fuel most commonly used in conventional CHP—elevates the output from simply sustainable to truly Renewable energy.

Key conditions for development

When assessing the feasibility of biomass CHP, each technology option warrants careful review:

Precisely specify systems to suit the ratio and scale of heat and power needs.
Consider all relevant technology options in detail.
Account for the chosen biomass fuel type.
Plan for adequate fuel storage and Delivery capacity...

To view the latest version of this document and thousands of others like it, sign-in with LexisNexis or register for a free trial.

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

Popular documents

Using the Judicial College Guidelines to assess general damages in personal injury claims

When evaluating a general damages claim, the practitioner ought initially to refer to the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG)...

Tomlin orders in England and Wales: CPR guidance on drafting, confidentiality, approval, variation, enforcement, limitation, CCA issues, court-specific requirements, sample wording and precedents

This Practice Note This Practice Note reviews mechanisms used in settling litigation. A Tomlin order consists of a consent order paired with a schedule. It operates to stay proceedings on terms that have been agreed. The provisions contained in the schedule may remain confidential. This Practice Note describes the scope of confidentiality attaching to the schedule and sets out how it differs from a standard consent order. Sample wording for a Tomlin order is included, alongside links to precedents, as well as guidance on court approval. It also addresses varying, setting aside and enforcing a Tomlin order, including the considerations the court will take into account when handling applications for each. Further guidance is provided on interpreting and applying the relevant provisions of the CPR; however, some courts and divisions impose very specific requirements for both drafting and approval, and for approaching the schedule and confidentiality issues. Accordingly, you must consider the particular rules and court guide provisions in the forum where your claim is proceeding when drawing up the Tomlin order...

Precedent: Deed of Surrender of Lease with Optional Premium, Settlement and Release, Landlord, Mortgagee and Guarantor Consents, Reimbursement and HM Land Registry Provisions (England and Wales)

Date [ date ] Parties [ name of Landlord ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Landlord) [ name of Tenant ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Tenant) [ [ name of Guarantor ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Guarantor) ] [ [ name of Mortgagee ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Mortgagee) ] Definitions Within this Deed, the terms below shall be interpreted as follows: [ Annual Rent • the annual sum reserved under the Lease; ] [ Insurance Rent • the Tenant’s share of the Landlord’s costs of insuring the Property (as set out in the Lease); ] Lease • the lease of the Property dated [ date ], entered into between (1) [ the Landlord OR [ name ...

Precedent Statutory Declaration: Standard Wording under the Statutory Declarations Act 1835

I, [ name ], of [ address ], solemnly and sincerely state that: [ Matters to be verified, set out in numbered paragraphs ] I make this solemn statement in good conscience, believing it to be true, and pursuant to the provisions of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835. DECLARED at [ details ] this [ day ] day of [ month and year ] Before me ................................................................................ [ signature of the person before whom the declaration is made ] A [ commissioner for oaths OR [ solicitor OR [ insert other qualification ] ] authorised to administer oaths ]...