Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Style definition

What does Style mean? In legal practice, a style is a precedent or template for a document, used as a model when drafting similar documents (for example, contracts, deeds, pleadings, affidavits, company resolutions and wills). The term is descriptive rather than statutory; it is widely used in Scotland and understood across England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Ireland, where ‘precedent’ is more common. A style typically provides boilerplate wording, standard clauses and optional alternatives (often shown in square brackets), sometimes with drafting notes. Styles appear in firm house-style collections and published style books or formbooks. Practitioners must adapt any style to the client’s facts, transaction, forum...

CJEU: Ne bis in idem (double jeopardy) not breached by single NCA decision applying EU and national competition law; aggregate fines must be proportionate (PZU Zycie, Case C‑617/17)

Published by a LexisNexis Competition expert

Practice notes

CASE HUB

This archived case hub sets out the position as at the decision date of 3 April 2019 and is no longer maintained. See further, timeline, commentary, and related/relevant cases.

Case facts

Outline Case C‑617/17 Powszechny Zakład Ubezpieczeń na Życie — a national Reference from Poland seeking clarification of the ne BIS in idem (double jeopardy) principle and its operation in concurrent competition enquiries and parallel investigations.

Latest developments

On 3 April 2019, the Court of Justice handed down its judgment in Case C‑617/17 Powszechny Zaklad Ubezpieczeń na Zycie S.A., a reference from Poland asking how ne bis in idem (double jeopardy) applies where a National Competition Authority (NCA) has levied a fine on an undertaking for anti‑competitive behaviour following the parallel application of both national and EU competition rules. In that decision, the Court of Justice concurred with Advocate General Wahl’s opinion and held that fines imposed for competition infringements on the basis of the simultaneous application of national and EU competition law do not contravene the double jeopardy principle...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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