Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Federation definition

What does Federation mean? In education law, a federation is an arrangement under which two or more schools share strategic leadership and governance while remaining separate legal schools. In England, “federation” has a statutory basis for maintained schools under the Education Act 2002 and the School Governance (Federations) (England) Regulations 2012. A hard federation creates a single governing body for all federating schools, following consultation and formal resolutions, with each school retaining its legal identity, category and individual budget share. Schools may appoint an executive headteacher and share policies and staffing structures. A soft federation is a descriptive term for collaboration without a single governing...

Canada: International arbitration - challenging jurisdiction and stays, Model Law Article 8, competence-competence, and post-Uber scrutiny of standard-form consumer clauses

Published by a LexisNexis Arbitration expert

Practice notes

The framework for international arbitration in Canada

Canada has implemented the 1985 United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law (the Model Law). As a federation, Canada allocates international arbitration legislation to both the federal order and each province and territory. Those statutes either reproduce the Model Law—for instance, Ontario’s International commercial arbitration Act, 2017, SO 2017, c 2, Sch 5 (the ‘International Commercial Arbitration Act 2017’) appends the Model Law as a Schedule—or adopt its core tenets. Federally, Canada has not yet enacted the 2006 amendments to the Model Law. At the provincial level, Ontario and British Columbia are currently the only provinces to have incorporated those revisions, seen respectively in Schedule 2 to the International Commercial Arbitration Act 2017 and the International Commercial Arbitration Act, RSBC 1996, c 233.

Challenging the jurisdiction of an arbitrator

In Canada, international arbitration statutes at the provincial, territorial, and federal levels safeguard arbitral competence and shield it from unwarranted judicial interference. This legislative scheme gives effect to the Model Law by prescribing the narrow circumstances in which a court may intervene in arbitral proceedings...

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George Karayannides

George has extensive domestic and international experience in a broad range of corporate and commercial disputes. Over his 30-year career, he has represented a wide range of businesses, leading multinational companies, individuals and government bodies in the energy, transport, telecommunications, infrastructure and construction and financial sectors. He has significant experience before Federal and Provincial courts, as well as before arbitral and administrative tribunals. George regularly works with foreign counsel on cross-border issues and disputes. A strategic thinker and skilled negotiator, George takes a collaborative approach in crafting creative and focused legal solutions to disputes arising out of complex business transactions. He provides practical advice on mission-critical issues, and works to empower his clients in developing strategies that are aligned with their operational and business objectives. George is ranked by LEXPERT (2016) as a leading lawyer in Canada, and is listed as a Leading...

Sean Frankland

Clyde & Co LLP

Sean is a litigator with experience advocating for clients in a range of commercial and insurance matters, including complex coverage matters, contractual disputes, professional negligence, and product liability. Sean has a keen interest in international arbitration. ...

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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