Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

State aid definition

What does State aid mean? In practice, state aid refers to public financial support that selectively benefits businesses and risks distorting competition or trade. Under EU law (Articles 107-109 TFEU and case law), it covers advantages granted through state resources that favour certain undertakings or goods and affect trade between Member States. Typical measures include grants, loans, guarantees, tax reliefs, equity injections and land or services below market value. Unless covered by the General Block Exemption Regulation or de minimis rules, aid must be notified to and approved by the European Commission; unlawful aid can be recovered with interest. In Great Britain, the EU state aid...

EU Court of Justice State aid (Articles 107–109 TFEU): closed appeals and recovery actions tracker (2015–2026)

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Practice notes

This section records concluded Court of Justice appeals related to State aid (Articles 107 to 109 TFEU) and other measures for the recovery of aid from 1 June 2015 onwards. For pending Court of Justice appeals and recovery actions (including rulings from the last 30 days), consult Court of Justice State aid appeals—ongoing cases tracker. For information on completed State aid appeals before the General Court, see General Court State aid appeals—closed cases tracker, and for closed national reference matters before the Court of Justice involving State aid, see Court of Justice State aid national references—closed cases tracker.

Appeals from the General Court 2026

Case C‑457/23 P Deutsche Lufthansa v Ryanair and Others

Appeal against the General Court’s judgment in Case T‑34/21, which upheld an action to annul the Commission decision in State aid Case SA.57153 approving the €6bn recapitalisation of Lufthansa. See Application.

Judgment delivered—23/04/2026; appeal dismissed
Opinion delivered—16/10/2025; AG Biondi advised dismissal in its entirety
Hearing held—09/09/2025
Hearing held—07/05/2025
Lodged—20/07/2023

Case C‑126/24 P Uno v Commission and Others

Appeal of...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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