Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Related legal acts

Key definition

Agreement definition

What does Agreement mean? In competition law practice, an agreement is any form of coordination between undertakings that shows a meeting of minds about market conduct (for example pricing, output, customers or territories). It is not limited to a legally enforceable contract: it includes informal or “gentlemen’s” understandings, oral arrangements, email exchanges and tacit understandings, and extends to decisions of associations of undertakings. Mere parallel conduct is insufficient without evidence of contact or communication. The term is used in legislation and developed by case law: Article 101 TFEU, section 4 of Ireland’s Competition Act 2002, and the UK Chapter I prohibition in the Competition...

Deeds in England and Wales: practical guide to requirements, execution (including electronic), delivery, witnessing, escrow, variation, defects and reform

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Practice notes

Under English law, binding agreements may arise orally, in writing, or by deed. This Practice notice explores when a deed is required or preferable, and the formalities that must be observed to ensure validity.

What is a deed?
When a deed is required
Formalities (1): in writing
Formalities (2): face value
Formalities (3): execution
Formalities (4): delivery
Escrow
Witnessing
Variation
Failure to comply with formalities and other defects
Reform

For details on executing deeds in jurisdictions outside England and Wales, see Practice Note: Execution of deeds—jurisdictional guide.

We have created a comprehensive, interactive collection to help users identify and navigate concepts and common issues in executing documents, including deeds. Each phase includes practical guidance, precedent clauses and Q&As relevant to that stage. For further information, see: Execution collection.

What is a deed? Definition and purpose

A deed is a written instrument executed with the requisite formality by which an interest, right or property is transferred or confirmed, or an obligation binding on a person is created or affirmed...

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Web page updated on 28/05/2026

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