Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

CD definition

What does CD mean? CD (certificate of deposit) describes a bank-issued instrument evidencing a fixed‑term deposit: the issuing bank unconditionally promises to repay the principal on a stated maturity date, together with interest. In UK and Irish practice, CDs are used primarily in the wholesale money market for short‑term funding and cash management. A CD may pay a fixed rate, a floating rate (for example, linked to SONIA or EURIBOR), or be issued at a discount to par. Many are negotiable certificates of deposit (NCDs), allowing transfer and secondary market trading. Form can be bearer or registered; modern issues are commonly dematerialised and...

Article 12, 1980 Hague Convention: settled child defence—one‑year limit, assessment date, concealment and judicial discretion, with leading case law

Published by a LexisNexis Family expert

Practice notes

This Practice Note explains the defence available under article 12 in response to an application brought under the Hague Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (the 1980 Hague Convention). Where more than 12 months have elapsed since the child’s removal or retention, the abducting parent may argue that the child has become settled within the new jurisdiction.

For practical guidance on defences to an application under the 1980 Hague Convention, see Practice Notes:

Child abduction—introduction to defences under the 1980 Hague Convention
Defences under the 1980 Hague Convention—consent, acquiescence and non-exercise of rights of custody
Defences under the 1980 Hague Convention—grave risk of physical or psychological harm
Child abduction—defences in response to an application under the 1980 Hague Convention—flowchart

For practical guidance on proceedings under the 1980 Hague Convention, see:

Child abduction—introduction and issuing proceedings (1980 Hague Convention)
Child abduction—procedure and evidence (Hague Convention)
Hague Conventions—toolkit for family practitioners
Child abduction—applications under the 1980 Hague Convention—flowchart

General approach

Art 12 of the 1980 Hague Convention...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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