Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

risk definition

What does risk mean? In legal practice, risk describes the possibility that a reasonably foreseeable circumstance or event could adversely affect legal rights, regulatory compliance, business operations, or the security of systems and data. The term is widely used across legal contexts, with certain regimes articulating it expressly. Cybersecurity: In the EU NIS2 framework (as transposed in Ireland), risk means any reasonably identifiable circumstance or event having a potentially adverse effect on the security of network and information systems. In the UK, the Network and Information Systems Regulations 2018 adopt a comparable risk‑based approach to security and incident handling; while “risk” is not defined as...

1980 Hague Convention child abduction: Article 13 'child's objections' defence—gateway tests, case law, Cafcass involvement and judicial discretion

Published by a LexisNexis Family expert

Practice notes

This Practice Note outlines the article 13 Defence to an application under the Hague Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (the 1980 Hague Convention): that the child objects to return and is of sufficient age and maturity for their views to be considered.

For guidance on defences advanced to an application under the 1980 Hague Convention, see Practice Notes:

Child abduction—introduction to defences under the 1980 Hague Convention
Defences under the 1980 Hague Convention—child settled in new jurisdiction
Defences under the 1980 Hague Convention—consent, acquiescence and non-exercise of rights of custody
Defences under the 1980 Hague Convention—grave risk of physical or psychological harm, and
Child abduction—defences in response to an application under the 1980 Hague Convention—flowchart

For guidance on proceedings under the 1980 Hague Convention, see:

Child abduction—introduction and issuing proceedings (1980 Hague Convention)
Child abduction—procedure and evidence (Hague Convention)
Hague Conventions—toolkit for family practitioners, and
Child abduction—applications under the 1980 Hague Convention—flowchart

General approach

Article 13 of the 1980 Hague Convention provides...

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Web page updated on 26/05/2026

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