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United Kingdom
Key definition
Environment definition

What does Environment mean? In legal practice, environment refers to the natural media and the living systems potentially affected by a project, operation or emission. UK environmental legislation commonly defines it as including air, water and land, and any living organisms (including humans) and ecosystems supported by those media. Similar formulations are used across England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and in Irish environmental legislation; exact wording varies by statute and context, but usage is broadly consistent. Where a regime provides a definition, courts apply that text; where it does not, the term carries its ordinary meaning. The concept sets the scope of regulatory...

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Türkiye: 2025 legal and regulatory guide for foreign investors—company formation, employment, immigration, contracts, tax, merger control, data protection, anti-bribery and corruption, IP, and compliance

Practice notes
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Updated in April 2026

Introduction

Türkiye has stood at the centre of international politics owing to its role in the Syrian conflict along its southern border and its approach to refugees. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, as elsewhere, heavily influenced domestic policy and the economy. Disputes in the Mediterranean over the search for natural gas also stayed high on the agenda. Since the final quarter of 2018, the economy has endured recessionary conditions linked to the attempted coup d’état of 15 July 2016, marked by elevated inflation, costlier borrowing, and volatile exchange rates. Although economic projections were shaken in 2020 by the pandemic, Türkiye sought to blunt the fallout through the Economic Stability Shield programme unveiled on 18 March 2020, setting out nationwide supportive and preventative steps to lessen the economic damage, covering taxation, credit and labour-related matters. By late 2021, the Turkish lira had depreciated sharply against other currencies, and persistent inflation appears likely to weigh on the country’s economic climate; however, the growth rate of Turkish...

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Kayra Üçer
Kayra Üçer

Kayra Üçer is a partner at Hergüner Bilgen Özeke where he specializes in M&A, Corporate Support, Competition, and Employment law with ample experience across a number of sectors including the heavily regulated medical devices and pharmaceuticals industries. He has significant experience representing some of the biggest names in the pharmaceutical industry with respect to all of their legal needs including handling all of the corporations’ daily corporate work, employment issues, and regulatory needs. Kayra is also known for his outstanding contributions to the development of corporate governance through his long-standing involvement with the Corporate Governance Association of Turkey.Kayra received his LL.B. from Marmara University in 1998 and his LL.M. from Georgetown University Law Center in 2000. He recently authored a number of articles on pharmaceutical and medical law including “Medicinal product regulation and product liability in Turkey” for Thomson Reuters Life Sciences Global Guide,...

Candan Çırnaz Dekesoğlu
Candan Çırnaz Dekesoğlu

Candan Çırnaz Dekesoğlu is a Managing Associate in Corporate Group of  Hergüner Bilgen Özeke Attorney Partnership since 2010. Ms. Dekesoğlu practices all aspects of legal advice in general corporate law also participated in mergers and acquisitions. Apart from this, Ms. Dekesoğlu practices all aspects of employment and commercial law related issues as well.   ...

İpek Türker
İpek Türker

İpek Türker is an associate in Corporate Group of Hergüner Bilgen Üçer Attorney Partnership since 2022. Ms. Türker practices various aspects of legal advice in general corporate law also participated in mergers and acquisitions. Apart from this, Ms. Türker handles employment and commercial law related issues as well. ...

Web page updated on 29/05/2026

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