Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

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Key definition

Concentrations definition

What does Concentrations mean? In merger control practice, a concentration is a transaction that brings previously independent undertakings under common control on a lasting basis—by merger, by one or more undertakings acquiring direct or indirect control over another, or by creating a full‑function joint venture. The concept is defined in Article 3 of the eu merger Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 139/2004). Where a concentration meets the EU “dimension” (turnover) thresholds, it is subject to the European Commission’s merger control jurisdiction and generally requires notification and clearance before implementation (subject to exemptions and referral mechanisms). Control means the ability to exercise decisive...

Drink-driving offences: elements, evidential challenges, defences and sentencing under the Road Traffic Act 1988 and Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988

Published by a LexisNexis Corporate Crime expert

Practice notes

The Road Traffic Act 1988 (RTA 1988) sets out several distinct alcohol and drug related offences. The principal ones are:

driving with excess alcohol or drugs
attempting to drive with excess alcohol or drugs
being in charge of a motor vehicle with excess alcohol or drugs
driving or attempting to drive while unfit, and
being in charge of a motor vehicle while unfit

All of these offences are summary-only offences. This Practice Note addresses driving impairment offences arising from excess alcohol consumption. For drug related driving impairment offences, see Practice Note: Driving, or being in charge of, a motor vehicle with concentrations of specified controlled drugs in excess of specified levels.

Elements of the offence of driving with excess alcohol

The prosecution must prove:

the defendant was driving
on a road or other public place
a motor vehicle
after drinking alcohol so that the proportion in their breath, blood or urine
exceeded the prescribed limits

Driving

The term ‘driving’ is not defined within the RTA 1988, yet the courts have determined that driving is a physical act, and it is one which only a person can carry out...

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Alex McHugh

Pump Court Chambers

Alex McHugh joined Pump Court Chambers following successful completion of his pupillage. His key areas of practice are criminal defence, family, and landlord & tenant disputes. Prior to joining Chambers, Alex worked as a paralegal for a number of years at a Legal 500 firm in London. Two of those years were spent in crime under the stewardship of extremely experienced senior partners. Alex helped manage cases from beginning to end and represented all manner of clients in respect of a full range of alleged offences. As counsel, Alex defends his clients throughout every stage of proceedings. Alex accepts private and, where applicable, publicly funded briefs on road traffic offences, and has experience in representing clients in relation to speeding, drinking driving, “totting up”, and causing injury by dangerous driving offences. Alex predominantly works across the Western Circuit, London, and the South East. ...

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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