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Key definition
Spectrum definition

What does Spectrum mean? In legal and finance practice, Spectrum refers to National Westminster Bank plc v Spectrum Plus Ltd [2005] 4 All ER 209, the leading House of Lords decision on characterising security over receivables (book debts). It confirms that labelling a charge as “fixed” is not determinative: a fixed charge requires the secured creditor to exercise real control over both the debts and their proceeds, typically by requiring payment into a blocked account from which the chargor cannot withdraw without consent. If the chargor may pay into an ordinary account and use the funds in the ordinary course, the security is a...

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Environmental risk assessment for lawyers: principles, qualitative and quantitative methods, hazard identification, site investigations, risk estimation and evaluation, and the Environment Agency’s LCRM for contaminated land

Practice notes
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What is environmental risk assessment?

Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is applied to many environmental concerns, including Contaminated land, flood risks, Asbestos, radon and subsidence. The specific study undertaken is selected once the hazard has been recognised and the assessment's aims and objectives are set. The scope and detail of an ERA differ according to the various environmental factors considered. Nonetheless, every assessment adheres to a core approach for quantifying risk.

Calculation of risk

Defra guidance on environmental risk assessment and management defines risk as the potential consequence(s) of a hazard together with the likelihood/probability of those outcomes...

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Jake Hawkey
Jake Hawkey

Jake holds a BSc in Geography and an MSc in Environmental Management & Assessment, combining academic expertise with over a decade of hands-on industry experience.He began his career with Argyll Environmental in 2011 as an environmental consultant, specialising in contaminated land and flood due diligence. This early work gave him invaluable insight into the practical challenges faced by property professionals navigating residential and commercial real estate transactions.Over the years, Jake has advanced into leadership roles, including serving as Consultancy Manager, where he successfully managed and delivered a wide range of complex contaminated land projects. His commitment to knowledge-sharing extends beyond his consultancy work—he has been a guest lecturer at Brighton University, contributing to the Environmental Auditor Course in partnership with the Institute of Sustainability and Environmental Professionals (ISEP).Today, Jake is recognised for his ability to combine technical expertise with a deep...

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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