Jurisdiction(s):
European Union

EU cybersecurity framework compared: NIS 2, CER, DORA and the Cyber Resilience Act—scope, timelines, obligations, incident reporting, enforcement and sanctions

Published by a LexisNexis EU Law expert

Practice notes

STOP PRESS :

This Practice Note mirrors the current legislative position; nonetheless, note that specific aspects will be influenced by the Digital Omnibus proposals released on 19 November 2025 under the Commission’s ‘simplification’ agenda. For more, see Practice Note: EU Digital Omnibus—tracker.

Introduction

High-profile security lapses affecting the internet, technology, and dependent services in recent years have brought the need for effective cybersecurity into sharp relief. As a result, cybersecurity has become increasingly important for both enterprises and individuals. On 16 December 2020, the Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy set out an EU Cybersecurity Strategy. It spans the protection of essential EU services (eg hospitals, energy grids and railways) and the security of connected devices in homes, offices and factories. The strategy emphasises developing collective capacity to counter major cyber-attacks and engaging internationally to safeguard security and stability across cyberspace.

The EU has recently adopted several cybersecurity measures, including:

Regulation (EU) 2019/881 — the EU Cybersecurity Act
Regulation (EU) 2022/2554 — the Digital Operational Act (DORA)
Directive (EU) 2022/2555 — the NIS 2...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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