Jurisdiction(s):
European Union

Key definition

Rules definition

What does Rules mean? Rules describes the written provisions that govern how a pension scheme operates—especially occupational pension schemes—usually contained in, or annexed to, the trust deed (trust deed and rules). Legislation refers to these as scheme rules (for example, Pensions Act 1995 and Pensions Act 2004 in the UK, and the Pensions Act 1990 in Ireland). Scheme rules set out eligibility, benefit structure (defined benefit or defined contribution), contributions, service and accrual, retirement options and ages, revaluation/indexation, ill‑health and death benefits, transfers in and out, leaver provisions, forfeiture, augmentation, priority on winding‑up, discretions and decision‑making, and the scheme’s amendment and termination powers. They also...

EU electricity, gas and hydrogen network unbundling: transmission models, distribution rules and certification under the Electricity Directive 2019/944 and Gas and Hydrogen Directive 2024/1788

Published by a LexisNexis EU Law expert

Practice notes

Background—the First to Fifth Energy Packages

Under Article 194 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the Member States have, among other matters, granted the EU powers to ensure the operation of the energy market, protect security of energy supply, advance energy efficiency and saving and the development of novel and renewable energy forms, and support the interconnection of national energy networks. Article 194 further requires the European Parliament and the Council to adopt the measures needed to realise these goals. Accordingly, since the 1990s, a sequence of legislative packages has been enacted to create a shared EU-level rulebook to open national energy markets. These are set out below:

First Energy Package — adopted between 1996 and 1998, initiating the first liberalisation of national energy markets
Second Energy Package — adopted in 2003, enabling industrial and domestic customers to choose their energy suppliers from a broader field of competitors
Third Energy Package — adopted in 2009, introducing:
- Rules separating energy supply and generation from transmission networks (unbundling)
- Requirements for independent regulators
- establishment of a European agency for the

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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