Jurisdiction(s):
European Union

EU electricity system: infrastructure, wholesale and retail markets, key actors, network codes, ACER’s role and reforms culminating in the 2024 Fifth Energy Package

Published by a LexisNexis EU Law expert

Practice notes

This Practice Note introduces the EU legislative framework for the physical assets underpinning electricity generation, transport and use in the EU, together with EU wholesale and retail electricity markets. It tracks the evolution of electricity system regulation from the first liberalisation of European energy markets in the 1990s to the Fifth Energy Package, adopted in 2024 to revise the Electricity Directive (Directive (EU) 2019/944) and the Electricity Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2019/943) in line with the EU’s decarbonisation goals. It also identifies the key actors in the EU electricity system and outlines their primary roles and obligations, including detail on the cross-border role of the European Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER).

Structure of the EU electricity system

Rules governing the EU electricity system address both:

the physical infrastructure for electricity generation, transport and use (the electricity network or grid), and
electricity markets (i.e. the flow of money)

Physical infrastructure

Electricity moves through the EU electricity network broadly as follows:

Generation—the production of electricity using, for example, fossil fuels, solar, wind, nuclear, or geothermal sources
Transport—the movement of electricity through the

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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