Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Related legal acts

Key definition

Agreement definition

What does Agreement mean? In competition law practice, an agreement is any form of coordination between undertakings that shows a meeting of minds about market conduct (for example pricing, output, customers or territories). It is not limited to a legally enforceable contract: it includes informal or “gentlemen’s” understandings, oral arrangements, email exchanges and tacit understandings, and extends to decisions of associations of undertakings. Mere parallel conduct is insufficient without evidence of contact or communication. The term is used in legislation and developed by case law: Article 101 TFEU, section 4 of Ireland’s Competition Act 2002, and the UK Chapter I prohibition in the Competition...

EU–UK TCA environment and climate: level playing field, non-regression, carbon pricing, enforcement, bespoke dispute settlement and rebalancing; devolution and OEP; 2024–25 sand eel arbitration

Published by a LexisNexis Environment expert

Practice notes

Introduction

The EU‑UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) is the accord between the European Union (EU) and the UK that took effect on 1 May 2021 after Brexit. It sets out preferential arrangements across core areas of EU‑UK relations, covering trade in goods and services, digital trade, intellectual property, public procurement, aviation and road transport, energy, fisheries, social security coordination, law enforcement and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, thematic cooperation, and participation in EU programmes. These arrangements are supported by commitments to a level playing field and the protection of fundamental rights.

The EU entered into the TCA under Article 218 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. In the UK, the European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020 (EU(FR)A 2020) established a framework enabling the TCA to be implemented by regulations, rather than giving the agreement immediate direct effect. For more on the EU(FR)A 2020, see New Analysis: Examining the European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020.

The TCA is a substantial instrument, exceeding 1,200 pages, and is organised into parts, headings, titles and chapters, each focussing on distinct subject areas...

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Richard Broadbent

Freeths

Richard was a solicitor at Natural England since 2010 and was the Head of Legal Services since 2017. Richard then joined Freeths LLP in January 2022.Richard led on many of Natural England’s high-profile litigation and enforcement cases and provided advice to Natural England’s teams, for example, on the emergence of the Environment Act 2021 and Nature Recovery Green Paper.Richard is a highly distinguished environmental lawyer and has worked on a number of high-profile nationally significant infrastructure, planning, and species licencing cases. Richard trained at Collyer Bristow LLP in London and holds an LLM in Environmental Law from UCL....

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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