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United Kingdom
United Kingdom
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Grievous bodily harm definition What does Grievous bodily harm mean? In practice, grievous bodily harm (GBH) describes really serious injury. In England & Wales and Northern Ireland it underpins offences in the Offences Against the Person Act 1861: section 20 (maliciously wounding or inflicting GBH) and section 18 (wounding or causing GBH with intent). A “wound” is a break in both layers of the skin; GBH means really serious harm and, per case law, can include severe psychiatric injury and transmission of serious disease. A weapon is not required. “Maliciously” denotes intention or recklessness as to some harm for section 20, while section 18 requires intent to cause GBH...
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Extreme Pornography Possession (England and Wales): Offence Elements, Possession, Excluded Images, Statutory Defences, Sentencing and Key Case Law under the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
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Practice notes
Possessing extreme pornography
Mere possession of extreme pornography constitutes an offence under section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (CJIA 2008). It is prosecuted more frequently than offences under the Obscene Publications Act 1959, because no act of publication needs to be shown, making it simpler to establish. Refer to Practice Note: Obscene publications. Pornography is distinct from obscenity: material deemed obscene may deprave and corrupt and might be violent or morally offensive; by contrast, the pornography offence focuses on sexual images that are gross or extreme in character. Pictures depicting extreme violence can amount to obscenity, yet they are not pornography unless they possess a sexual context or intent. The provision aims to curb the proliferation of extreme material and applies equally to online and offline contexts, covering both moving and still images, regardless of how they were created. It applies to moving and still images alike, by whatever means produced. While the possession offence intrudes upon an individual’s right to private life, its purpose is to safeguard people forced—through trafficking or dependency on drugs—into taking part in producing such imagery...
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Web page updated on 21/05/2026
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