Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Federation definition

What does Federation mean? In education law, a federation is an arrangement under which two or more schools share strategic leadership and governance while remaining separate legal schools. In England, “federation” has a statutory basis for maintained schools under the Education Act 2002 and the School Governance (Federations) (England) Regulations 2012. A hard federation creates a single governing body for all federating schools, following consultation and formal resolutions, with each school retaining its legal identity, category and individual budget share. Schools may appoint an executive headteacher and share policies and staffing structures. A soft federation is a descriptive term for collaboration without a single governing...

FIPO v CMA [2015] CAT 8: CAT dismisses appeal by majority; CMA’s UK private healthcare PMI decision and Fees Information Remedy upheld

Published by a LexisNexis Competition expert

Practice notes

CASE HUB ARCHIVED

This archived case hub records the position as at the judgment on 29 April 2015; it is no longer maintained. See further timeline, commentary and related cases.

Case facts ARCHIVE

Appeal subsequently lodged at the Court of Appeal.

Outline

Appeal brought by the Federation of Independent Practitioner Organisations against the CMA’s final decision arising from its private healthcare market investigation (CAT case number 1230/6/12/14). The CAT delivered its judgment on 29/04/2015.

Parties

The Federation of Independent Practitioner Organisations (FIPO) — representing most UK medical organisations and, in turn, their consultant members in private practice.
Competition and Markets Authority (CMA).

Markets

Privately funded healthcare in the UK, covering independent private hospitals and private patient units within NHS hospitals. The private healthcare market was examined by the CMA, which identified various competition concerns and ordered remedies, including:

the divestment by HCA of either the London Bridge and Princess Grace hospitals or the Wellington Hospital (including the Wellington Hospital Platinum Medical Centre),
measures to ensure arrangements between NHS trusts and private hospital operators to operate or...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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