Group litigation in England and Wales: choosing and managing joint, sample and GLO proceedings, representative actions and Financial List test cases—requirements, opt-in/opt-out, advantages, costs
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Practice notes
More than one claimant can feature in a civil action, for instance where a defendant’s supposed misconduct has caused loss to several claimants in the same or a comparable manner. At times, the damage experienced by a single claimant is too limited to make the case economically worthwhile. Yet, when pursued by a cohort of claimants, it may become feasible because of the efficiencies that approach delivers. Where claims stem from the same or similar facts, or have produced the same or similar loss for multiple parties, it may likewise be prudent for the court to manage them collectively. Group claims (sometimes called class actions or multi-party claims) can be brought before the English courts using a number of procedural mechanisms. This Practice Note briefly sets out the criteria for each mechanism, and the guidance on suitability found in case law. It also weighs the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and gives practical guidance on handling such claims. For guidance concerning litigation against multiple defendants and/or multiple tortfeasors more generally, see Practice Notes: Bringing a civil claim against multiple defendants—considerations for the claimant and defendants and Multiple tortfeasors—liability issues. This Practice Note should be read in conjunction with the...
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Web page updated on 21/05/2026
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