Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

EA definition

What does EA mean? In legal practice, EA is commonly used as the abbreviation for the environment agency, the environmental regulator for England. The abbreviation itself is not defined in legislation; statutes and regulations refer to “the Environment Agency”. EA is frequently cited in contracts, planning applications, environmental due diligence, regulatory correspondence and litigation. In England, the EA issues, varies and enforces environmental permits under the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2016, regulates waste and industrial installations, water quality and water resources (including abstraction and discharge), manages flood risk and main rivers, serves enforcement notices, accepts enforcement undertakings and prosecutes pollution and...

School Exclusions—IRPs (England) and IAPs (Wales): Legal Framework, Procedure, Evidence, Judicial Review/Merits Standards, Equality/Human Rights and Remedies

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Practice notes

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Legal framework England—Independent Review Panels (IRPs)

This Practice Note outlines the regime in England and Wales for reviewing and appEAling school exclusions. It sets out the legal architecture around Independent Review Panels (IRPs), including who sits on them, the process, conduct of the hearing and evidential requirements. It also addresses judicial review standards and relevant human rights issues.

Statutory basis

The statutory discipline and exclusion scheme operates alongside the common law. Key sources include section 51A of the Education Act 2002, inserted by section 4 of the Education Act 2011. The School Discipline (Pupil Exclusions and Reviews) (England) Regulations 2012, SI 2012/1033, as periodically amended—most recently by the School Discipline (Pupil Exclusions and Reviews) (England) (Amendment and Transitional Provision) Regulations 2023, SI 2023/571—extend EA 2002, s 51A to academies and free schools. The regime covers maintained schools, academies, free schools and pupil referral units (PRUs).

Statutory guidance

The Secretary of State’s exclusion guidance is updated online from time to time. Heads, school governors and the local authority are required to have regard to the statutory guidance and the regulations on suspensions...

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Philip Wood

Browne Jacobson

Philip is a principal associate advising schools and academies. He’s known for his breadth of experience across the key issues that education institutions face, including admissions, SEND, exclusions and discrimination. He regularly advises on complaints and exclusions that have Equality Act implications across the full range of protected characteristics including sex, race, gender reassignment, religion, and disability. Philip frequently represents schools in Equality Act litigation, including in the First Tier Tribunal, Upper Tribunal and in the County Court. In 2024 Philip acted on nearly half of the total Upper Tribunal appeal cases relating to disability discrimination in schools. These include A Multi Academy Trust v RR [2024], which provides the first interpretation of the reasonable adjustment amendments to the Equality Act for schools. He's frequently instructed on some of the most high-profile and sensitive matters relating to education and pupils. This has recently included cases...

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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