Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Federation definition

What does Federation mean? In education law, a federation is an arrangement under which two or more schools share strategic leadership and governance while remaining separate legal schools. In England, “federation” has a statutory basis for maintained schools under the Education Act 2002 and the School Governance (Federations) (England) Regulations 2012. A hard federation creates a single governing body for all federating schools, following consultation and formal resolutions, with each school retaining its legal identity, category and individual budget share. Schools may appoint an executive headteacher and share policies and staffing structures. A soft federation is a descriptive term for collaboration without a single governing...

Interim relief in Canadian international arbitration: tribunal and court measures, enforcement and third-party considerations under the UNCITRAL Model Law (including 2006 amendments)

Published by a LexisNexis Arbitration expert

Practice notes

The framework for international arbitration in Canada

Canada applies the 1985 United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law (the Model Law). Given Canada’s federal structure, distinct international arbitration statutes operate at the federal tier and within each province and Territory. Those enactments either reproduce the Model Law—Ontario’s International Commercial arbitration Act, 2017, SO 2017, c 2, Sch 5 (the ‘International Commercial Arbitration Act 2017’) attaches it as a Schedule—or adopt its principles. Federally, Canada has not implemented the 2006 amendments to the Model Law. Provincially, only Ontario and British Columbia have adopted them, as reflected respectively in Schedule 2 to the International Commercial Arbitration Act 2017 and in the International Commercial Arbitration Act, RSBC 1996, c 233.

Interim measures from arbitral tribunals

Article 17 of the Model Law provides that, unless the parties stipulate otherwise, an arbitral tribunal may grant whatever interim protective measures it considers necessary, and may require appropriate security in relation to that measure. All Canadian jurisdictions have implemented article 17 in their international arbitration legislation, save for Quebec. Under Quebec’s Code of Civil Procedure, with matters concerning interim measures dealt with under that code in lieu of article 17 accordingly for Quebec alone...

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George Karayannides

George has extensive domestic and international experience in a broad range of corporate and commercial disputes. Over his 30-year career, he has represented a wide range of businesses, leading multinational companies, individuals and government bodies in the energy, transport, telecommunications, infrastructure and construction and financial sectors. He has significant experience before Federal and Provincial courts, as well as before arbitral and administrative tribunals. George regularly works with foreign counsel on cross-border issues and disputes. A strategic thinker and skilled negotiator, George takes a collaborative approach in crafting creative and focused legal solutions to disputes arising out of complex business transactions. He provides practical advice on mission-critical issues, and works to empower his clients in developing strategies that are aligned with their operational and business objectives. George is ranked by LEXPERT (2016) as a leading lawyer in Canada, and is listed as a Leading...

Sean Frankland

Clyde & Co LLP

Sean is a litigator with experience advocating for clients in a range of commercial and insurance matters, including complex coverage matters, contractual disputes, professional negligence, and product liability. Sean has a keen interest in international arbitration. ...

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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