Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Consumer definition

What does Consumer mean? A consumer is, in practice, an individual who acquires goods, services or digital content for personal use, not for the purposes of a trade, business, craft or profession. The precise meaning is statutory and context‑specific. England & Wales and Scotland: The Consumer Rights Act 2015, s2(3), defines a consumer as an individual acting for purposes wholly or mainly outside their trade, business, craft or profession (capturing mixed‑purpose purchases where the business purpose is not predominant). The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 instead asks whether a party “deals as consumer”, a distinct test relevant to exclusion and limitation clauses. The Sale of...

Lugano Convention 2007 jurisdiction in insurance, consumer and employment claims: special regimes, contracting out and post-Brexit position

Published by a LexisNexis Dispute Resolution expert

Practice notes

ARCHIVED : This Practice Note has been archived and is not maintained.

The majority of authorities cited in this Practice Note were determined expressly under the Lugano Convention 2007. Nevertheless, where jurisprudence (from EU Member State courts or the Court of Justice) delivered under Brussels I or Brussels I (recast) is pertinent because the provisions match or are materially alike, cross-references are provided, where appropriate, to the equivalent Brussels regime Practice Notes, which ought to be read alongside this note and considered in tandem. For assistance on whether rulings of the Court of Justice bind UK courts after the UK’s exit from the EU, see Q&A: Are UK courts and tribunals bound by decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union post-Brexit?...

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Liz Williams

CMS

Liz has more than ten years' experience as a PSL and ten years' fee-earning experience in insurance litigation and general commercial litigation and arbitration. Her specialties are: Knowledge management, training, strategy, business development, client development, and legal writing. ...

Guy Pendell

CMS

Guy is the head of disputes in the UK for the global firm, CMS. He has over 25 years’ experience in International Arbitration and Litigation. His main areas of expertise include corporate and commercial disputes in (among others) the TMT, Life Sciences, Hotels & Leisure and Consumer Products sections. Guy is also the co-founder of the lawtech start-up, pinqDR.com, the first in the UK offering a complete online solution for the resolution of mid to lower value B2B disputes, providing parties with a binding decision in 8 weeks. He is a well known figure in the UK arbitration market, is the Chair of ICC UK’s Arbitration and ADR Committee, a founder and honorary vice-president of International Arbitration Charity Ball, a trustee of RCJ Advice and a member of the Bingham Centre Development Board....

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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