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Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Key definition
Personal data definition What does Personal data mean? In data protection practice, personal data is any information that identifies, or could identify, a living person. The term is defined in the UK GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018 (UK), and in Ireland by the EU GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018 (Ireland), and is used consistently across the UK and Ireland. A person can be identified directly (for example, by name or an ID number) or indirectly, using data that, alone or with other information reasonably likely to be used by the controller or another person, singles them out (such as location data, online identifiers, or factors...
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US-EU/UK corporate investigations: managing personal data, GDPR transfer mechanisms, interviews, privilege and regulator co-operation [Archived]
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Practice notes
ARCHIVED: This Practice Note is archived and not maintained. It considered Data protection and Personal data sharing questions arising in cross-border investigations involving US and EU companies prior to the ruling in Facebook Ireland and Schrems (Case C-311/18), where the Court of Justice of the European Union struck down the EU-US Privacy Shield and confirmed that any use of standard contractual clauses (SCCs) must, in practice, provide an adequate level of protection for personal data, following a case by case evaluation of the circumstances of the transfer. For details on sharing personal data between the UK and EU in light of that judgment and IP completion day, see Practice Notes: Data protection and internal investigations, and UK GDPR and EU GDPR—transfers of personal data internationally and to international organisations.
Who is the investigator?
Gathering, preserving and reviewing evidence is fundamental to any investigation, whether it is:
- an internal company inquiry;
- an internal inquiry carried out under the oversight of a regulator or prosecuting authority; or
- a criminal investigation.
At the start, the company should undertake a high-level Data-mapping exercise to determine where corporate data are stored...
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Web page updated on 22/05/2026
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