Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Related legal acts

Key definition

General Principles definition

What does General Principles mean? In takeover practice, General Principles are the high‑level standards that guide how the Takeover Code (UK) and the Irish Takeover Rules are interpreted and applied in real transactions. They set expectations of commercial behaviour by bidders, target boards and advisers. There are six General Principles, mirroring the general principles in Article 3 of the EU Takeover Directive. In the UK they are contained in the Code notwithstanding Brexit; in Ireland they derive from the Directive and are embedded in the Rules. They are expressed in broad terms and neither the Code nor the Rules defines the precise limits of their...

Norwich Pharmacal orders against online service providers in England and Wales: prerequisites, GDPR/ECHR balancing, costs, and cross-border jurisdiction (including CPR PD 6B para 3.1(25))

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Practice notes

Norwich Pharmacal applications against online service providers

This Practice Note examines particular issues that can emerge when pursuing Norwich Pharmacal applications against online service providers. For guidance on the general principles governing Norwich Pharmacal Orders (NPOs), see Practice Note: Norwich Pharmacal orders (NPOs).

Online anonymity is often used to facilitate unlawful conduct, including infringing intellectual property rights or posting defamatory statements. Nevertheless, each click or swipe typically leaves a digital trail, even where someone intends to conceal their identity. Connecting that digital footprint to an alleged wrongdoer frequently necessitates disclosure of identifying information held by online service providers.

For example:

defamatory material posted on a website—operators commonly require users to register details (eg name, address, email) before allowing them to publish content, and the site may record the internet protocol (IP) address from which the user first registered and/or posted material...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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