Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Related legal acts

Key definition

Consumer definition

What does Consumer mean? A consumer is, in practice, an individual who acquires goods, services or digital content for personal use, not for the purposes of a trade, business, craft or profession. The precise meaning is statutory and context‑specific. England & Wales and Scotland: The Consumer Rights Act 2015, s2(3), defines a consumer as an individual acting for purposes wholly or mainly outside their trade, business, craft or profession (capturing mixed‑purpose purchases where the business purpose is not predominant). The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 instead asks whether a party “deals as consumer”, a distinct test relevant to exclusion and limitation clauses. The Sale of...

United Kingdom implementation of the EU Consumer Credit Directive: CCA 1974 amendments, key obligations and rights, implementing regulations, transition to FCA CONC, and post-Brexit position

Published by a LexisNexis Financial Services expert

Practice notes

Introduction

Directive 2008/48/EC concerning credit agreements for Consumers (the Consumer Credit Directive) was adopted by the European Parliament on 23 April 2008, with EU Member States obliged to implement it in domestic legislation by 12 June 2010. Its central aim was to secure a high standard of consumer protection to strengthen consumer confidence, facilitate the cross-border provision of credit and correct competitive imbalances stemming from divergent national consumer credit laws. On 15 November 2011, Directive 2011/90/EU, which amends Part II of Annex I to the Consumer Credit Directive, appeared in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJ). This measure introduces further assumptions for calculating the annual percentage rate of charge (APR). Member States were required to apply the rules in Directive 2011/90/EU by 31 December 2012. In the UK, the Consumer Credit Directive was given effect through several statutory instruments amending the Consumer Credit Act 1974 (CCA 74), with most provisions becoming compulsory from 1 February 2011. Directive 2011/90/EU was implemented in the UK by revising one of those instruments...

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Sam Millar

DLA Piper

Sam Millar is a partner in the Firm with a focus on regulatory work (both advisory and contentious) for financial institutions and global investigations. Sam advises leading banks, funds, brokers, trading firms and other corporates on a range of advisory and contentious issues.Sam has deep experience in the areas of cross border regulatory and exchange investigations and internal corporate investigations involving allegations of irregularities, bribery, corruption and other ethical issues.Prior to joining DLA Piper in 2014, Sam was partner at Orrick, Herrington and Sutcliffe and Group Head of Legal at Liquid Capital Group (LCG), a global options market making firm with trading teams in London, Chicago, Hong Kong and Sydney. Prior to that, he was in private practice at Jones Day and at Ashurst in their commercial dispute resolution teams. In the course of his private practice at Jones Day, he was...

Tony Katz

DLA Piper

Tony Katz is Head of Financial Services and Investigations at DLA Piper and he focuses on regulatory work (both advisory and contentious) for financial institutions and global investigations. He advises leading financial institutions, banks, funds, brokers, trading firms, payment services and other financial services firms on a range of advisory and contentious issues. Tony has deep experience in contentious matters, including regulatory and exchange investigations in the UK, EU, the US and Asia. He also has extensive experience in conducting cross-border internal investigations and advises specifically on the UK Bribery Act including advising on Section 7, Adequate procedures' defence and drafting adequate procedures for clients. Prior to joining DLA Piper in 2014, Tony was partner at Orrick, Herrington and Sutcliffe; in the Financial Institution Regulatory practice, and a member of the European Litigation Group. He was also Group Head of Compliance at the Liquid Capital Group, the...

Web page updated on 22/05/2026

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