Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Substitute definition

What does Substitute mean? In legal practice, a substitute is a product or service that customers would switch to if the focal product’s price increased, quality declined, or other non-price factors changed, thereby constraining the supplier’s market power. “Substitute” is a descriptive economic concept used across competition law rather than a statutory term. Its meaning is reflected in UK and Irish case law and in guidance from authorities such as the CMA, the CCPC and the European Commission on market definition. Substitutability is assessed primarily by demand-side evidence (how and why customers switch) and, where appropriate, by supply-side responses (whether suppliers can switch production quickly...

King’s Bench Division application hearings: bundles, skeleton arguments, authorities, chronologies, lists of issues, and electronic/hard copy lodging deadlines before Masters and Judges (England and Wales)

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Practice notes

Applications in the King’s Bench Division

If your case is before the King’s Bench Division (KBD), the provisions of the King’s Bench Guide apply to any application you pursue. This Practice Note gives guidance on applications in the KBD, cross‑referring to the relevant sections of the King’s Bench Guide.

Its focus is preparation for an application hearing in the KBD, particularly the documents that must be ready in advance, and the method and timing for lodging them with the court.

For guidance on other aspects of the KBD applications process, see these Practice Notes:

Making an application in the King’s Bench Division (KBD)
Determination of applications in the King’s Bench Division (KBD)

The following general points should be noted:

The King’s Bench Guide provides practical detail on KBD procedure but does not replace the CPR and must be read in conjunction with those Rules (King’s Bench Guide, para 1.2). Alongside this Practice Note, you should also familiarise yourself with the general guidance in Practice Note: Preparing for an application hearing.
King’s Bench Guide...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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