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Key definition
Personal data definition

What does Personal data mean? In data protection practice, personal data is any information that identifies, or could identify, a living person. The term is defined in the UK GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018 (UK), and in Ireland by the EU GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018 (Ireland), and is used consistently across the UK and Ireland. A person can be identified directly (for example, by name or an ID number) or indirectly, using data that, alone or with other information reasonably likely to be used by the controller or another person, singles them out (such as location data, online identifiers, or factors...

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UK law enforcement and intelligence processing of personal data: DPA 2018 Parts 3–4 and DUAA 2025 reforms—principles, sensitive data, data subject rights, transfers, automated decisions, governance and compliance

Practice notes
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The handling of Personal data for policing objectives is expressly and specifically governed by Part 3 of the Data protection Act 2018 (DPA 2018) and operates as a separate and distinct regime from the general processing of personal data under the UK General Data Protection Regulation, Assimilated Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (UK GDPR). DPA 2018, Pt 3 applies to those competent authorities that process personal data for ‘law Enforcement purposes’. It includes processing for preventing, investigating, detecting or prosecuting criminal offences, or carrying out criminal penalties, and encompasses safeguarding against, and preventing, threats to public security. DPA 2018, Pt 3 transposed the EU Law Enforcement Directive (EU) 2016/680 (EU LED) into UK law. The Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) has issued guidance specifically on duties under DPA 2018, Pt 3, which is essential reading for advisers in this field. The ICO guidance, currently under review, can be accessed here. The Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 (DUAA 2025) brings substantial changes to the DPA 2018 and UK GDPR. In respect of law enforcement processing of personal data, DUAA 2025 revises DPA 2018, Pt 3 so that it more closely aligns with those provisions of UK GDPR, in particular in relation to the...

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Dan Hyde
Professor Dan Hyde

Professor Dan Hyde writes, lectures and practises innovative law. A pioneer of the law as it applies to emerging tech he is a leading cybersecurity lawyer and advised the Law Commission on its recent review of cybersecurity and data protection law in the UK. He delivers talks around the World, is a Visiting Professor of Law at Queen Mary, University of London and authored the first UK published books on cybersecurity law and the international regulation and challenges of cryptocurrency and blockchain. He is a partner at Harrison Clark Rickerbys and has been instructed in a number of high profile, ground breaking cases which frequently involve elements of cyber and emerging tech.An Officer of the International Bar Association he has been described by the Legal 500 as “a lawyer of the highest calibre”. Dan's commentaries have broadcast on national and...

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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