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United Kingdom
Key definition
Processing definition

What does Processing mean? In data protection practice, processing describes any operation performed on personal data, from initial collection to final deletion. The term is defined in legislation: in the UK by the UK GDPR (retained EU law) and the Data Protection Act 2018, and in Ireland by the EU GDPR. It covers operations carried out by automated means or manually where the data form part of, or are intended to form part of, a filing system. Examples include obtaining or collecting; recording; organising or structuring; storing; adapting or altering; retrieving or consulting; using; disclosing by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available; aligning or combining;...

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Consent to processing personal data under the UK GDPR: ICO guidance on valid and explicit consent, lawful alternatives, children, withdrawal, record-keeping and marketing

Practice notes
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STOP PRESS:

This document is currently being revised to take account of the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 (DUAA 2025), which updates the UK GDPR and the data protection Act 2018. For further detail on DUAA 2025 compliance, see Practice Note: Data (Use and Access) Act 2025—compliance implications. This Practice Note draws on the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) and the consent guidance issued by the information commissioner’s Office (ICO). Under the UK GDPR, consent is rarely the default lawful basis for handling personal data, and organisations should assess whether another lawful ground is more suitable from both legal and operational viewpoints—see below: Do you need consent? and Practice Note: How to process personal data lawfully.

What is consent?

Consent means a freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous expression of the data subject’s wishes, whereby they indicate agreement to the processing of their personal data through a statement or a clear affirmative action.

Accordingly, consent must be:

  • freely given
  • specific
  • informed
  • unambiguous

There are two levels of consent related to the kind of data being processed, including standard consent...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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