Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Related legal acts

Key definition

Investors definition

What does Investors mean? In private equity practice, investors are the persons or entities that commit capital to a fund in return for economic returns and contractual rights under the fund documents. In the UK and Ireland, private equity funds are commonly structured as English or Scottish limited partnerships or the Irish ILP; investors typically participate as limited partners (LPs). Investors are mainly institutional: occupational pension schemes, insurance companies, sovereign wealth funds, funds of funds, and university or charitable endowments. High‑net‑worth individuals and family offices also invest, often via feeder, nominee or aggregator vehicles. Some may make co‑investments alongside the fund. The term...

Investor-State protections and arbitration under BITs and MITs: FET, full protection and security, national/MFN treatment, expropriation, dispute resolution, and leading cases

Published by a LexisNexis Arbitration expert

Practice notes

Under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and other investment protection treaties such as multilateral investment treaties (MITs), host states generally commit to provide baseline standards of protection and treatment to foreign investors. These baseline standards can range from an undertaking not to discriminate against foreign investors in favour of domestic companies, through to a commitment not to nationalise or expropriate an investment without the payment of adequate compensation. Among other reasons, appreciating the nature and extent of these safeguards is important for advising on related disputes. This Practice Note summarises the forms of protection typically available under BITs and MITs, including:

fair and equitable treatment (FET) of investors (sometimes referred to as the FET standard)
full protection and security of investments
'national treatment' of investors
'most favoured nation' (MFN) treatment of investors, and
protection from expropriation without adequate compensation

UNCTAD, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, maintains a useful, searchable database of BITs for each of the world’s countries...

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Ed Poulton

Baker McKenzie

Ed Poulton is the Managing Partner of Baker McKenzie’s London office. A key name in the arbitration community, Ed's practice focuses on international arbitration and investment treaty arbitration. He sits as an arbitrator in ICC and LCIA arbitrations, and is the consulting editor of a seminal text on the arbitration of M&A disputes. He also has extensive experience managing cross-border litigation. Ed focuses on advising clients on managing risk and resolving disputes relating to investment treaties, financial services and M&A. He is highly experienced in resolving disputes through international arbitration (in which respect he has experience of all of the major arbitral institutions and of ad hoc arbitration) and by other methods including litigation and mediation. In addition to commercial dispute resolution, Ed regularly advises clients in relation to investment treaties and public international law issues. Ed is experienced and...

Kartik Singh

Baker McKenzie

Kartik Singh is a senior associate in the Baker McKenzie Dispute Resolution team based in London. Kartik has represented clients in disputes across a wide range of industries including aviation, oil and gas, infrastructure and mining, pharmaceutical, and telecommunications. He has significant experience in both international commercial arbitrations and investment treaty disputes, including arbitrations under ICC, LCIA, SIAC, ICSID, CAS, DIAC, WIPO Arbitration Rules and ad hoc arbitrations under the UNCITRAL Rules and the Arbitration Act 1996. Kartik also has experience in managing arbitrations seated in London, Singapore, Dubai, India, Geneva and Lausanne. He regularly advises on recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards and obtaining interim remedies in support of the same from courts and arbitral tribunal. Kartik is dual-qualified in both England & Wales and Singapore. Kartik practiced in the Singapore office of Baker McKenzie before moving to the Firm's London office in 2022....

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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