Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

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Key definition

General Principles definition

What does General Principles mean? In takeover practice, General Principles are the high‑level standards that guide how the Takeover Code (UK) and the Irish Takeover Rules are interpreted and applied in real transactions. They set expectations of commercial behaviour by bidders, target boards and advisers. There are six General Principles, mirroring the general principles in Article 3 of the EU Takeover Directive. In the UK they are contained in the Code notwithstanding Brexit; in Ireland they derive from the Directive and are embedded in the Rules. They are expressed in broad terms and neither the Code nor the Rules defines the precise limits of their...

Public nuisance in England and Wales: common law offence abolished; PCSCA 2022 s 78 offence, continuing tort, protest sentencing, POA 2023 powers, overlaps with statutory and private nuisance, civil remedies

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Practice notes

Public nuisance

The Common law offence of public nuisance was abolished by section 78 of the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022 (PCSCA 2022) and supplanted by a statutory offence of intentionally or recklessly causing serious harm to the public.

That said, the common law offence still technically applies to conduct committed before PCSCA 2002, s 78 took effect, or which began prior to PCSCA 2022, s 78 coming into force and continued thereafter. It is, however, highly unlikely that prosecutions will proceed under the common law. See: Public nuisance under common law. Common law public nuisance endures as a tort in civil law, and PCSCA 2022, s 78(8) states the statutory offence does not affect liability for that tort.

Statutory offence of intentionally or recklessly causing a public nuisance

Although PCSCA 2022 does not expressly use the term ‘public nuisance’ in its wording, it nevertheless places the offence into statute. The section’s sub-heading is: ‘Intentionally or recklessly causing public nuisance’.

A person commits an offence if:

(a) the person—does an act, or omits...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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