What does Market power mean? In competition law practice, market power describes a firm’s ability to profitably raise and sustain prices above the competitive level, or to worsen non-price terms (such as quality, choice or innovation), for a non-transitory period. It is not generally defined in legislation; its meaning is derived from case law and economic analysis, typically following market definition (product and geographic) and tools such as the SSNIP/hypothetical monopolist test. Market power is central to assessments of dominance and abuse of dominance (Chapter II Competition Act 1998 in the UK; Article 102 TFEU in Ireland/EU law), merger control, market investigations and sectoral regulation. Evidence...
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Telecommunications in the UK is governed by both sector‑specific regulation and the general framework of Competition law. This Practice Note explains how Ofcom, the UK’s national regulator, undertakes market reviews of the telecoms sector, with a particular emphasis on the Physical Infrastructure and Business Connectivity Markets, and the Wholesale Fixed Telecoms Market Review.
Ofcom has powers under the Communications Act 2003 (CA 2003) to assess defined markets, judge whether competition is effective, and impose suitable remedies where competition issues are found. Several of these powers originated in European directives transposed into UK law. The most recent is Directive (EU) 2018/1972, which establishes the European Electronic Communications Code (Recast), implemented in December 2020. Those powers continue to apply because the implementing measures are EU‑derived domestic legislation and now sit within assimilated law. For further detail on the European Electronic Communications Code, see the Practice Note on the European Electronic Communications Code. ‘Assimilated law’ is the term for retained EU law (REUL) that remains in effect after the end of 2023. The re‑categorisation of REUL (and related terms) to...
When evaluating a general damages claim, the practitioner ought initially to refer to the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG)...
This Practice Note This Practice Note reviews mechanisms used in settling litigation. A Tomlin order consists of a consent order paired with a schedule. It operates to stay proceedings on terms that have been agreed. The provisions contained in the schedule may remain confidential. This Practice Note describes the scope of confidentiality attaching to the schedule and sets out how it differs from a standard consent order. Sample wording for a Tomlin order is included, alongside links to precedents, as well as guidance on court approval. It also addresses varying, setting aside and enforcing a Tomlin order, including the considerations the court will take into account when handling applications for each. Further guidance is provided on interpreting and applying the relevant provisions of the CPR; however, some courts and divisions impose very specific requirements for both drafting and approval, and for approaching the schedule and confidentiality issues. Accordingly, you must consider the particular rules and court guide provisions in the forum where your claim is proceeding when drawing up the Tomlin order...
Date [ date ] Parties [ name of Landlord ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Landlord) [ name of Tenant ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Tenant) [ [ name of Guarantor ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Guarantor) ] [ [ name of Mortgagee ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] (Mortgagee) ] Definitions Within this Deed, the terms below shall be interpreted as follows: [ Annual Rent • the annual sum reserved under the Lease; ] [ Insurance Rent • the Tenant’s share of the Landlord’s costs of insuring the Property (as set out in the Lease); ] Lease • the lease of the Property dated [ date ], entered into between (1) [ the Landlord OR [ name ...
I, [ name ], of [ address ], solemnly and sincerely state that: [ Matters to be verified, set out in numbered paragraphs ] I make this solemn statement in good conscience, believing it to be true, and pursuant to the provisions of the Statutory Declarations Act 1835. DECLARED at [ details ] this [ day ] day of [ month and year ] Before me ................................................................................ [ signature of the person before whom the declaration is made ] A [ commissioner for oaths OR [ solicitor OR [ insert other qualification ] ] authorised to administer oaths ]...