Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

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Key definition

REM definition

What does REM mean? In legal practice, REM (roentgen equivalent man) is a legacy, mainly US‑derived unit used to express a person’s radiation dose and may appear in older UK/Ireland records, expert evidence, contracts or US‑sourced standards. Current UK and Irish regimes do not use REM: dose for compliance and reporting is measured in sieverts (Sv) under the Ionising Radiations Regulations 2017 (HSE) and Ireland’s Basic Safety Standards regulations. REM is not defined in current legislation and should be converted for legal and regulatory purposes. Conversion: 1 rem = 0.01 Sv (10 mSv). 1 millirem (mrem) = 0.01 mSv. Historically, dose equivalent in rems was calculated...

Patent remedies in England and Wales: pre‑action tools, interim relief, injunctions (FRAND), damages/account, declarations (Arrow), delivery up, compulsory licences, dissemination orders, stays, and costs (Patents Court and IPEC)

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Practice notes

Introduction to Patent proceedings

In England and Wales, patent Disputes sit within the civil Jurisdiction of the courts, which apply the substantive statutory framework — the Patents Act 1977 (PA 1977), as amended — together with the common law, and decide cases in accordance with the procedural regime of England and Wales, as set out in the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR). Actions for patent infringement are brought before the Patents Court or the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court (IPEC), both of which are part of the Business and Property Courts of the High Court (Chancery Division). The courts of England and Wales may grant remedies in patent matters at the pre-litigation stage, during proceedings, or on final disposal, and such relief may stem from powers granted by PA 1977, the common law, or by procedural rules. In awarding remedies, the courts must also observe Directive 2004/48/EC on the enforcement of IP rights (the Enforcement Directive), to the extent that its requirements have been absorbed into the case law of the courts of England and Wales...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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