Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

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Key definition

Partnership definition

What does Partnership mean? A partnership is the common business arrangement where two or more persons run a business together for profit, usually under a firm name and often governed by a partnership agreement. In partnership law, this is the general partnership. The core legal definition comes from the Partnership Act 1890 (PA 1890): the relation subsisting between persons “carrying on a business in common with a view of profit.” Key legal features include: - Agency: each partner is an agent of the firm in the ordinary course of business. - Liability: partners have unlimited liability for partnership debts (joint in England & Wales and Northern...

International and UK regulation of shipping greenhouse gas emissions: IMO and COP developments, MARPOL Annex VI and sulphur cap, and domestic decarbonisation strategy

Published by a LexisNexis Environment expert

Practice notes

First prepared with Navraj Singh Ghaleigh, Senior Lecturer in Climate law at the university of Edinburgh.

Shipping emissions: background

Maritime transport, or ‘shipping’, accounts for 2.89% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) output—around 1,076 million tonnes of CO2. As close to 90% of global trade moves by sea, the sector is central to future climate action (see Behnam A, ‘The Nexus of Ocean Trade and Climate Change: A Review Essay’ (2015) 29 Ocean Yearbook 11). Accordingly, a business-as-usual pathway for shipping is incompatible with the objective of ‘holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels’ as set out in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement. See Practice Note: The Paris Agreement 2015—snapshot.

The international climate regime and maritime emissions

The ‘international climate regime’ is generally taken to comprise the UNFCCC (1992), the Kyoto Protocol (1997), and the Paris Agreement (2015). However, none of these instruments directly regulate shipping emissions. The Paris Agreement, like the UNFCCC, is silent on maritime emissions, while Article 2(2) of the Kyoto Protocol assigns regulatory responsibility for maritime emissions to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), a UN specialised...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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