Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Rules definition

What does Rules mean? Rules describes the written provisions that govern how a pension scheme operates—especially occupational pension schemes—usually contained in, or annexed to, the trust deed (trust deed and rules). Legislation refers to these as scheme rules (for example, Pensions Act 1995 and Pensions Act 2004 in the UK, and the Pensions Act 1990 in Ireland). Scheme rules set out eligibility, benefit structure (defined benefit or defined contribution), contributions, service and accrual, retirement options and ages, revaluation/indexation, ill‑health and death benefits, transfers in and out, leaver provisions, forfeiture, augmentation, priority on winding‑up, discretions and decision‑making, and the scheme’s amendment and termination powers. They also...

Swiss Rules (2021): Evidence in International Arbitration—document production, burden of proof, witnesses, party/tribunal experts and inspections

Published by a LexisNexis Arbitration expert

Practice notes

As formally updated on 1 June 2021, the Swiss rules of international arbitration (the Swiss Rules) govern—save where the parties expressly stipulate otherwise—any arbitration proceedings begun on or after 1 June 2021 under an arbitration agreement that expressly refers either to the Swiss Rules or to the prior rules of the chambers or organisations that joined the Swiss Rules or placed their respective proceedings under the Swiss Rules. This Practice Note addresses matters relating to evidence under the Swiss Rules. For guidance on the 2012 Swiss Rules, see: Swiss Rules arbitration—overview.

General remarks

Under the Swiss Rules, the arbitral tribunal establishes the facts of the dispute principally through documentary, witness testimony, and expert evidence submitted by the parties (Swiss Rules, art 26.1). In addition, at any point during the arbitration, the tribunal may require the parties to produce further documents, exhibits, or other evidence (Swiss Rules, art 26.2). As a general rule, the parties must attach to their Statement of Claim and Statement of Defence, respectively, all documents and other evidence on which they rely (Swiss Rules, arts 20.3 and 21.2). However, unlike, for example, the Swiss Code of Civil Procedure, the Swiss Rules do not provide for a fixed...

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Robin Moser

Loyens & Loeff

Robin Moser is a partner in our Zurich office. He focuses on domestic and international dispute resolution and has broad experience in representing clients in court, before federal and cantonal authorities and arbitral tribunals. His clients include banks, funds, multinationals and high-net-worth Individuals.Robin also has substantial experience in handling commercial disputes, asset recovery and enforcement matters, M&A disputes and criminal cases....

Chloé Terrapon

Loyens & Loeff

Chloé Terrapon is a partner in our Zurich office and a member of the Dispute Resolution expertise group. She specializes in the conduct of complex and multifaceted cross-border disputes relating to corporate governance, contract, commercial and insolvency law, as well as involving white-collar crimes and investigations. Chloé focuses in particular on arbitration, and she has been involved as counsel, arbitrator or tribunal secretary in numerous arbitration proceedings seated in Europe and Asia (ad hoc or institution-administered under the Swiss Rules, ICSID, ICC, SIAC and HKIAC) notably related to shareholders disputes, post M&A, international sales, construction projects, as well as investment treaty law....

Johanna Hädinger

Loyens & Loeff

Johanna Hädinger is an associate in the Zurich office. She focuses on dispute resolution and advises on international arbitration and enforcement matters. She specialises in international arbitration with experience in commercial, engineering and construction arbitration. She also represents clients in front of state courts and in enforcement matters, particularly concerning the enforcement of foreign court decisions and arbitral awards....

Web page updated on 22/05/2026

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