Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

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Key definition

Direct effect definition

What does Direct effect mean? Direct effect describes the ability of a party to rely on an EU law provision in domestic proceedings without further national implementing measures. Developed in CJEU case law (not a single statute), it applies where the provision is clear, precise and unconditional. Treaty articles and regulations can have vertical and, depending on the provision, horizontal direct effect. Directives can have vertical direct effect only, enforceable against the state or an “emanation of the state” (for example, government departments, local authorities, certain publicly controlled bodies) where the directive is unimplemented or improperly implemented; they do not have horizontal direct effect against...

UK Platform-to-business (P2B) Regulation for platforms and online search engines: scope, transparency and fair dealing obligations, ranking, data, parity clauses, complaints handling, mediation and enforcement

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Practice notes

Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 on promoting fairness and transparency for business users of online intermediation services and corporate website users of online search engines

Often called the EU Platform-to-business Regulation (EU P2B Regulation), Regulation (EU) 2019/1150 took effect on 31 July 2019. It was created to integrate the online platform economy into the EU Digital Single Market strategy and to recognise the pivotal part played by online intermediation services (platforms) in enabling access to cross-border markets throughout the EU.

While the UK remained an EU Member State, the EU P2B Regulation applied directly and continued to do so until the Brexit Implementation period ended at 11 pm on 31 December 2020. From that moment, Retained Regulation (EU) 2019/1150—referred to domestically as the UK Platform-to-business Regulation (UK P2B Regulation)—became part of the body of Retained EU law (REUL) in the UK under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018. This retained regime has been amended by the Online Intermediation Services for Business Users (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020, SI 2020/796...

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Web page updated on 22/05/2026

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