Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Related legal acts

Key definition

Protocol definition

What does Protocol mean? In legal practice, a protocol is a written co‑operation agreement used in cross‑border restructurings or insolvencies to coordinate parallel proceedings. Agreed by insolvency office‑holders (such as administrators, liquidators, examiners or bankruptcy trustees) and endorsed by the courts, it sets out rules for communication, information‑sharing, asset realisations and distributions, creditor notices, timetables and dispute resolution, with the aim of reducing conflict, cost and delay. Also called a cross‑border insolvency agreement. The term is descriptive rather than a defined statutory concept. In England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, protocols are commonly approved under the Cross‑Border Insolvency Regulations 2006 (implementing the UNCITRAL Model...

Vienna Convention 1985 (Ozone Layer): background, key provisions, relationship to the Montreal Protocol, and EU/UK implementation

Published by a LexisNexis Environment expert

Practice notes

Parties: 197 Parties
Revisions: Montreal Protocol (1987); London Amendment (1990); Copenhagen Amendment (1992); Montreal Amendment (1997); Beijing Amendment (1999)
Location: Vienna
Adopted: 1985
Came into force: 22 September 1988
Subject: Protection of the ozone layer

Background to the Convention

Talks on a global accord to safeguard the ozone layer began in 1981, as the human-driven nature of the harm and its worldwide impact made collective action essential. Consensus was secured in March 1985, resulting in the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. The early phase of negotiations was spurred by mounting scientific concern over ozone depletion, the shield that screens the earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation from the sun and also helps regulate temperature. Although definitive proof was not yet available, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and comparable chemicals were suspected. When subjected to ultraviolet light, these gases degrade, releasing chlorine and bromine that catalyse the breakdown of ozone molecules, causing depletion of the ozone layer. In 1977, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called...

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