Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Rules definition

What does Rules mean? Rules describes the written provisions that govern how a pension scheme operates—especially occupational pension schemes—usually contained in, or annexed to, the trust deed (trust deed and rules). Legislation refers to these as scheme rules (for example, Pensions Act 1995 and Pensions Act 2004 in the UK, and the Pensions Act 1990 in Ireland). Scheme rules set out eligibility, benefit structure (defined benefit or defined contribution), contributions, service and accrual, retirement options and ages, revaluation/indexation, ill‑health and death benefits, transfers in and out, leaver provisions, forfeiture, augmentation, priority on winding‑up, discretions and decision‑making, and the scheme’s amendment and termination powers. They also...

Evidence in VIAC arbitrations under the Vienna Rules 2021: tribunal discretion, IBA guidance, Austrian mandatory law and costs

Published by a LexisNexis Arbitration expert

Practice notes

This Practice Note reviews evidence in arbitrations brought under the Vienna International Arbitral Centre (VIAC) arbitration rules 2021 (the Vienna rules). The 2021 Vienna Rules entered into force on 1 July 2021 and govern any case filed on or after that date. If your case proceeds under the Vienna Rules 2018, effective 1 January 2018, you should refer to the earlier edition of the rules.

What do the Vienna Rules provide on matters of evidence?

As is typical of institutional arbitration, tribunals and parties are granted significant leeway in the preparation, presentation and handling of evidence. The Vienna Rules set only limited directions on evidential matters, reserving substantial procedural flexibility to the tribunal so it can tailor the process to the dispute. The key evidentiary provisions in the Vienna Rules are outlined below. Under article 28 of the Vienna Rules, the tribunal has broad authority to manage the arbitration in the way it considers appropriate...

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Dr Michael Nueber

Nueber Konzett Rechtsanwälte

Michael Nueber is a lawyer and notary public in the Principality of Liechtenstein.He also teaches as a professor of practice at the University of Liechtenstein and is a member of the International Advisory Board of the Vienna International Arbitral Centre (VIAC). Being the author of more than 50 publications on foundation and civil procedure law, he is recognised by international lawyer rankings as one of the leading law experts in his field....

Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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