Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Related legal acts

Key definition

Brexit definition

What does Brexit mean? Brexit is the practical shorthand in legal drafting and advice for the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union and the legal, regulatory and trading changes flowing from it. It covers the UK’s cessation of EU membership on exit day (31 January 2020) and the cessation of the EEA Agreement’s application, the end of the implementation/transition period on IP completion day (31 December 2020), and the commencement, expiry or variation of post‑withdrawal trading and regulatory arrangements, including the UK‑EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the Windsor Framework (amending the Northern Ireland Protocol), and UK agreements with third countries...

Environmental law under the Windsor Framework: EU regimes applying in Northern Ireland, interaction with UK assimilated law, and GB–NI trade implications

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Practice notes

Introduction to the Northern Ireland Protocol (Windsor Framework)

The UK, including Northern Ireland (NI), has left the European Union (EU), while the Republic of Ireland (ROI) remains inside it. The UK and EU agreed there would be no additional checks or controls on goods crossing the ROI–NI land border. As a result, NI continues to align with EU rules for certain regimes, such as agricultural and manufactured products. NI also applies the EU customs code at its ports, streamlined by the Windsor Package.

This arrangement introduces some new procedures and notification duties for goods moving between NI and other parts of the UK. The Northern Ireland Protocol (NIP) forms an integral element of the EU–UK withdrawal agreement, which set the terms of the UK’s exit under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. Its purpose was to address the specific challenges of brexit on the island of Ireland, ensuring that many changes affecting trade between ROI and Great Britain (GB) do not apply between ROI and NI. During negotiation and drafting of the Withdrawal Agreement, the UK government outlined, in its May...

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Web page updated on 27/05/2026

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