Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom

Key definition

Substitution definition

What does Substitution mean? Substitution refers, in UK state pension practice, to the pre-2016 facility allowing a divorced person with an insufficient National Insurance (NI) contribution record to have their basic State Pension calculated by reference to their former spouse’s stronger NI record. This operated under the “old rules” for the basic State Pension and Category B pensions, derived from the Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992 and related regulations, and is commonly described in Department for Work and Pensions guidance as “substitution” rather than being a term defined in statute. It remains relevant only where the individual reached State Pension age before 6...

Construction contract variations: scope, procedures, duties to instruct, valuation, omissions and time - JCT, NEC and FIDIC, with key case law and practical guidance

Published by a LexisNexis Construction expert

Practice notes

A variation (often called a change) is any adjustment to the originally contracted scope of works—by adding, omitting or substituting elements, or by altering the method by which the works are carried out. Given the peculiarities of construction, Variations assume particular significance. Parties cannot foresee every eventuality, and contracts are sometimes concluded before the design or scope is fully finalised, so alterations are frequently needed.

Absent an instruction to vary, the contractor must deliver the works exactly as first specified; doing otherwise would amount to a breach. When the employer directs a departure, that change operates under the contract, not as an amendment to the contract itself. For advice on altering contractual terms, see Practice Note: Contract variation. For fuller treatment of the variation mechanisms in standard forms, see Practice Notes: JCT contracts—variations, NEC contracts—variations, FIDIC contracts 2017—variations, and FIDIC contracts (pre‑2017 editions)—variations.

Why do we need variation provisions?

Because frequent change arises from unforeseeable developments and incomplete designs at the point of contracting, clear variation provisions enable instructed adjustments without breaching the agreement...

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Web page updated on 21/05/2026

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