2G meaning

ALK and another v The Chief Constable of Surrey Police [2025] EWHC 1964 (KB) What are the practical implications of this case? ALK yields two concrete takeaways for practitioners and highlights two points for practice. First, Bourne J reaffirms the stringent threshold for the necessity of arrest under PACE 1984, s 24: courts will, among other matters, expect proof that arresting officers actively considered less intrusive measures, including whether they turned their minds to alternatives at the time. That inquiry can be determinative in itself. Engaging directly with the Parker Questions, Notes 2F and 2G to Code G, and surveying the authorities, the judgment confirms that assessing alternatives is no mere formality, but a real requirement. Practitioners should therefore ensure the evidence shows an officer’s consideration of alternatives if arrest is to be justified, whilst claimants should scrutinise any failure to do so. Secondly, ALK sets out the proper approach to disapplying QOCS in mixed claims. Bourne J emphasised that where claimants advance a...

CASE HUB ARCHIVED this archived case hub captures the status as at the decision dated 27 November 2018; it is not being updated. See also timeline, commentary and related cases. Case facts Outline European Commission merger probe into the planned purchase by T-Mobile NL of Tele2 NL (Case M.8792). The deal involves horizontal overlaps within the Dutch mobile telecommunications market. Latest developments On 27 November 2018, the deal received unconditional clearance after an in-depth phase II review. Parties T-Mobile NL supplies telecommunication services to private and corporate customers in the Netherlands. It is a MNO with nationwide coverage delivering 2G, 3G, 4G and NarrowBand-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) mobile communications services. It also offers retail fixed services, including broadband Internet, TV and fixed telephony, based on wholesale access services. T-Mobile NL is a subsidiary of Deutsche Telekom. Tele2 NL is a Dutch telecommunications provider. It is a 4G-only MNO offering voice, data and messaging services, and also provides fixed broadband services in...

Mobile networks This Practice Note delivers a concise, quick-reference overview of the wireless telecoms sector for commercial lawyers. Mobile electronic communications networks are commonly called cellular networks because they consist of a mosaic of cells, arranged to let the network exploit its allocated frequency spectrum with maximum efficiency. A cell is the coverage area served by a base station (BS), and neighbouring cells operate on different frequencies to reduce channel interference. In rural locations, cells span wider areas than in dense urban settings, where additional capacity is needed. GSM networks Global System for Mobile communications (GSM—so named as a backronym, the original title being Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most widespread network standard. GSM is regarded as 2G (second generation, with the first generation being analogue mobile networks). 2G has evolved from the platform first rolled out in 1991, through the arrival of the packet data capability, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), in 1997 (therefore 2.5G), and further with higher packet data rates from 1999 via the...