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Carrier meaning

What does Carrier mean?
Carrier describes a person or business that transports goods or passengers by road, rail, air, sea or inland waterway, whether for reward or gratuitously. The term is used across carriage of goods and carriage of passengers and, in practice, its meaning is set by the relevant statute or convention for the mode of transport (for example, the CMR Convention for international road, the Hague‑Visby Rules/Carriage of Goods by Sea Acts, the Montreal Convention for air, and the Athens Convention for sea passengers). These instruments impose mandatory rules on liability, limitation, time limits and jurisdiction. Transport documents (such as a bill of lading or CMR consignment note) usually identify the carrier. At common law in the UK and Ireland a distinction exists between a common carrier (holding out to the public) and a private carrier (carrying under specific contracts). For goods, common carriers were historically strictly liable for loss or damage subject to limited exceptions, though modern liability is usually governed by contract terms and the applicable regime. Usage is broadly consistent across England & Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland, though applicable legislation and retained/EU passenger‑rights measures may differ. Identifying the carrier and governing regime is central to drafting, claims handling, insurance...
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NEWS
Environmental law weekly: permitting reforms, GGR contracts, CfD CIB consultation, PFAS timeline, ecodesign review, marine strategy critique, 25 Year Environment Plan indicators, landfill tax appeal, waste carrier permitting overhaul

In this issue: Air emissions and climate change Energy efficiency of products Energy for environmental lawyers ESG and sustainability Hazardous substances and chemicals Marine Nature, biodiversity and habitat conservation Waste Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Air emissions and climate change Defra opens consultation on industrial emissions permitting reforms The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has begun consulting on plans to modernise England’s environmental permitting regime for industrial emissions. The package aims to foster innovation, adopt agile standards, secure proportionate and coherent regulation, boost regulator effectiveness and efficiency, and deliver a transparent system. Suggested measures include a new registration route for low-risk installations, flexible site permits setting overall emissions caps, and faster approvals for time‑limited technology trials. The proposals reflect the Corry Review’s critique of regulatory inefficiency. The Environment Agency intends to roll out changes that could cut permit queues from months to days and lower...

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NEWS
UK and EU competition update: CMA’s first Google SMS probe (DMCCA 2024); CMA annual plan; CAT cartel settlements; NI Protocol review; Lufthansa interim measures; AG opinion on exclusive distribution

In this issue: UK digital markets UK competition policy UK private actions EU antitrust Daily and weekly news alerts Caselex UK digital markets CMA opens first ‘SMS investigation’ under the DMCCA 2024 into Google’s general search and search advertising The CMA has begun an ‘initial SMS investigation’ under Part 1 of the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (DMCCA 2024). This is the authority’s first SMS designation probe under the new DMCCA digital markets framework. The CMA’s power to designate undertakings with SMS, and potentially impose conduct requirements, took effect on 1 January 2025. The Investigation Notice states that Alphabet Inc, Google LLC, Google Ireland Limited and Google UK Limited (Google) provide general worldwide web search and information return (general search), and advertising to users of general search (search advertising). The CMA considers these meet the definition of a digital activity and can be treated as one activity. The Notice excludes specialised search service interfaces, such...

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NEWS
Microlise cyberattack disrupts UK fleet tracking; Serco mitigates operational impact; limited employee data affected; ICO notified; services expected largely restored within a week

Microlise Group plc Microlise Group plc, a supplier of fleet-tracking software used by Serco and mail carrier DHL, said in a statement to the London Stock Exchange that it intends to have its services 'largely back to normal' within a week, following a cyber-attack that targeted its network. The software company first reported the attack in a statement to the stock market on 31 October 2024. Microlise said it does not expect the attack to materially affect its financial forecasts or its overall financial position. The announcement did not disclose which of its corporate customers were impacted by the incident...

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View the related Practice Notes about Carrier

PRACTICE NOTES
Incoterms® 2010: CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) – guidance, risk and cost allocation, and seller/buyer obligations (Archived)

ARCHIVED: This Practice Note is archived and not maintained. For the 2020 iteration of the rule, refer to: Incoterms® 2020 Rules—CIP Carriage and insurance paid to. ICC materials are reproduced here with permission from ICC Publishing SA. These and other ICC publications are available from ICC Publishing SA, 33-43 avenue du Président Wilson, 75116 Paris, France and from ICC United Kingdom, 1st Floor, 1-3 Staple Inn London, WC1V 7QH, United Kingdom, and www.iccwbo.org. With effect from 1 January 2020, Incoterms® 2020 rules superseded the Incoterms® 2010 rules. For the CIP term in force from 1 January 2020, see Practice Note: Incoterms® 2020 Rules—CIP Carriage and insurance paid to. CIP (insert named place of destination) Incoterms® 2010 Guidance note This rule applies regardless of the transport mode chosen and may equally be adopted when multiple modes of transport are used. Under ‘Carriage and Insurance Paid to’, the seller hands the goods to the carrier, or another party designated by the seller, at a location agreed between them (where any...

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PRACTICE NOTES
Incoterms 2020 FCA (Free Carrier): Delivery, Risk, Named Place/Point, Export and Import Clearance, On-board Bill of Lading Option, and Seller/Buyer Obligations – Guidance for Practitioners

This Practice Note sets out the guidance to the FCA Free Carrier Incoterm within the Incoterms® 2020 rules, reproduced here with permission from ICC Publishing SA. Incoterms® 2020 rules and other ICC publications are available from ICC Publishing SA, 33–43 avenue du Président Wilson, 75116 Paris, France, from ICC United Kingdom, 1st Floor, 1–3 Staple Inn, London, WC1V 7QH, United Kingdom, and at www.iccwbo.org. The Incoterms® 2020 rules took effect on 1 January 2020, revising the Incoterms® 2010 rules to reflect market developments over the last decade. For the FCA Incoterm that applied until then, see Practice Note: Incoterms® 2010 Rules—FCA Free Carrier [Archived]. FCA (insert named place of delivery) Incoterms® 2020 Explanatory notes for users 1. Delivery and risk ‘Free Carrier (named place)’ indicates that the seller provides the goods to the buyer in one of two ways: First, where the named place is the seller’s premises, delivery takes place when the goods are loaded onto the means of transport arranged by...

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PRACTICE NOTES
Archived European Commission Merger Investigation: IAG/Air Europa—Phase II Investigation, Proposed Commitments, and Abandonment (Notification Withdrawn 16 December 2021)

CASE HUB ARCHIVED This archive records the position as at the date the deal was abandoned on 16 December 2021 and is no longer being maintained. See further, timeline. Case facts Outline: European Commission merger inquiry into International Airlines Group’s proposed purchase of Air Europa (M.9637). The contemplated deal would create a horizontal overlap in the market for providing passenger air transport services. Latest developments On 16 December 2021, the parties withdrew the Commission notification and confirmed that the transaction had been abandoned. Parties International Airlines Group (IAG): Headquartered across Spain and the UK, IAG owns Spain’s flag carrier Iberia and the Spanish low-cost airline Vueling, as well as the UK flag carrier British Airways, Level, and Ireland’s flag carrier Aer Lingus. IAG ranks as Europe’s third-largest airline group, behind Ryanair and Lufthansa, and is the largest in Spain. Iberia belongs to the Oneworld alliance. Air Europa: Air Europa, currently part of Globalia, a Spanish tourism group, is Spain’s third-largest...

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PRECEDENTS
Consumer contracts: model business-to-consumer cancellation instructions and form with optional clauses for goods and services

Model instructions for cancellation 1 Right to cancel 1.1 You are entitled to cancel this contract within 14 days without needing to give any explanation. 1.2 The cancellation period ends 14 days after the day [ of the conclusion of the contract OR on which you acquire, or a third party other than the carrier and indicated by you acquires, physical possession of the goods OR on which you acquire, or a third party other than the carrier and indicated by you acquires, physical possession of the last good OR on which you acquire, or a third party other than the carrier and indicated by you acquires, physical possession of the last lot or piece OR on which you acquire, or a third party other than the carrier and indicated by you acquires, physical possession of the first good ]. 1.3 To exercise this right to cancel, you must notify us [ insert trader’s name, geographical address and, where available, telephone number, fax number...

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PRECEDENTS
Precedent retention of title clause (simple or all monies): risk transfer, title on payment, buyer duties, ordinary course resale, and insolvency-triggered redelivery and repossession

1 Title and risk Risk in the Goods will pass to the Buyer [ upon [ completion of ] delivery OR at the moment the Goods are handed to the carrier ]. Title to the Goods will pass to the Buyer once the Seller has received [ payment in full for the Goods OR payment in full for all debts owed by the Buyer to the Seller (including payment for the Goods) at any given time ]. Until title to the Goods has passed to the Buyer, the Buyer will: hold the Goods as the Seller’s bailee; store the Goods separately from all other materials...

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Q&As
Landlord waste penalty notice—serviced units: guidance & appeal

What is the waste duty of care? Under section 34(1) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA 1990), businesses are required to handle controlled waste safely and dispose of it lawfully. This obligation is called the waste duty of care. Controlled waste covers household, industrial and commercial waste, and anything of that kind. In brief, the duty means waste holders must: ensure their waste goes to a suitably permitted facility ensure anyone managing their waste complies with permit conditions prevent the escape of waste transfer waste only to a registered carrier or authorised permit holder provide a written description of the waste when it is transferred Failure to meet these duties is an offence under EPA 1990, s 34(6), and is punishable: on summary conviction, by a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum on conviction on indictment, by a fine Who does the waste duty of care apply to?...

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