Clustering meaning

Setting out his election-year Spring Budget in the House of Commons on 6 March 2024 Chancellor Jeremy Hunt announced that newcomers to the UK will not be charged tax on overseas income and capital gains for their first four years living in Britain. After that window, those who remain will be taxed in line with other residents. The changes take effect from April 2025 and, having been heavily signposted, came as no shock. Legal professionals foresee a short-lived spike in requests for counselling and advice, but caution that the policy shift could ultimately prove counterproductive if affluent, mobile clients opt for jurisdictions with kinder tax terms. Alex Boothman, a partner at Keystone Law, similarly expects a marked rise in instructions for legal advisers—albeit briefly. He anticipates the reforms will jolt the market in the near term and may then lessen the ongoing need for advice if fewer people decide to move to the UK. In his view, the changes could simply bring some of that activity forward, clustering...

This Practice Note sets out the applicable product governance obligations under the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (Directive 2014/65/EU) (MiFID II) that firms must observe and comply with when designing, approving, marketing and overseeing the ongoing management of products throughout their entire lifecycle. It also summarises the relevant delegated acts adopted by the European Commission—particularly Articles 9 and 10 of Directive (EU) 2017/593 (the MiFID II Delegated Directive)—as well as the guidelines issued by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). Background to MiFID II and product governance The recast Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (Directive 2014/65/EU) (MiFID II), together with the Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (Regulation (EU) 600/2014) (MiFIR) (collectively, the MiFID II framework), entered into force on 2 July 2014. The bulk of the framework’s provisions largely applied from 3 January 2018. MiFID II establishes a suite of product governance requirements so that firms manufacture and distribute products in a manner that ensures they act in clients’ best interests across every stage of the lifecycle...

Read this Practice Note alongside Practice Note: Disclosure under CPR 31—introduction, or the Disclosure Scheme (Business & Property Courts)—overview, according to the disclosure scheme operating in the court where the claim is being pursued (for further guidance, see: Which disclosure rules apply to my claim—flowchart?). Term Definition Artificial Intelligence (AI) — a technological means that imitates human thought processes, producing either extractive (summarising) or generative (creating) outcomes. back-up tapes — tapes holding preserved data; termed ‘back-up’ because information is copied to them and kept as a contingency. Also covers any method where data is routinely captured and stored separately for risk management. See also incremental back-ups below. bit and byte — electronic information is measured in bits, indicating storage space. 8 bits = 1 byte. 1 byte approximates to one text character; 1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte. clustering — a search approach that automatically finds similar documents and arranges them into groups. concept searches — a search method that uses algorithms to...

This Practice Note outlines the fundamentals of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technology. It includes: A brief history of AI and ML Why data matters How ML models are trained Categories of ML Factors when choosing or evaluating an ML algorithm Neural networks What deep learning means Typical neural network architectures Examples of other widely used ML algorithms Core challenges for AI and ML-transparency, explainability and bias Privacy and data protection Safeguarding AI technology This Practice Note does not address legal or regulatory matters arising from the use or development of AI or ML technologies. For more on these topics, see Practice Notes: Artificial intelligence-data protection Artificial intelligence-UK regulation and the National AI Strategy Artificial intelligence-explainability Artificial intelligence-intellectual property Artificial intelligence in the EU-the key legal issues AI clauses-overview AI procurement IP clauses-pro-supplier and Contractual considerations for the procurement of artificial intelligence-checklist....