Co-location meaning

ARCHIVED: This Practice Note is archived and is no longer maintained. A bank loan is treated as a non-performing loan (NPL) if more than 90 days pass without the borrower making the agreed instalments or interest payments. Banks experienced an accumulation of NPLs in their books when borrowers' inability to repay was intensified by the financial crisis and subsequent recessions. When NPLs are proportionately high, banks' capacity to manage the riskiness of their lending is diminished. NPLs are a supervisory priority for the European Central Bank (ECB), which monitors the overall level of NPLs across euro area banks. Under the supervisory review and evaluation process (SREP), the ECB assesses whether individual banks adequately manage loan risk and whether they have suitable strategies, governance arrangements and processes in place. The ECB also regularly undertakes co-ordinated exercises to review the asset quality of the banks it directly supervises—it works with national supervisors to establish a consistent and effective approach to tackling and reducing bad loans, drawing on best practices as set...

The following are some of the features and factors (not all of which will be readily discoverable at a very early stage) to consider when assessing whether a claim is appropriate for the LVI defence: The respective weight of both vehicles: a heavier vehicle striking a lighter one creates a greater impact than a crash between vehicles of comparable weight. Age and design of the vehicle: some models provide better shock absorption, for example with large bumpers. Location of impact: a direct rear-end hit passes more energy than a collision at an angle. Presence of a tow bar: a tow bar channels impact energy through the car, increasing injury risk. Handbrake applied: engaging the handbrake reduces the likelihood of injury. Claimant’s age and sex: females face a higher chance of whiplash, and risk rises with age. A pre-existing medical condition: heightens susceptibility to whiplash injury. Whether the claimant anticipated the impact and braced themselves: bracing diminishes the risk of neck...

For further information on the principal designer’s responsibilities and remit, consult the following: Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015, SI 2015/51 (CDM Regs 2015) HSE Guidance on the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 CONIAC Industry guidance for Principal Designers Practice Note: CDM Regulations 2015—the role of the principal designer Appointment of the principal designer On any project involving more than one contractor, the client is required to appoint the principal designer formally and in writing. This appointment should be made as soon as practicable and, in any case, before the construction phase begins, without delay...

Flowchart This Flowchart offers a concise reference to decide if an application for a charging order ought to be filed at the Civil National Business Centre (a CNBC case) or submitted somewhere else (a non-CNBC case). For guidance, consult Practice Note: Charging orders—how and where to apply...

Businesses involved in cartel conduct may come forward as whistleblowers to secure reduced penalties. This means co-operating with the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), supplying information on the cartel and those taking part, and setting out full details of the business’s own role in the arrangement...

Mandatory Disclosure Rules (MDR) for Common Reporting Standard (CRS) Avoidance Arrangements and Offshore Structures In March 2018, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) issued the model Mandatory Disclosure Rules (MDR) for Common Reporting Standard (CRS) avoidance arrangements and offshore structures, intended to encourage country by country consistency in applying disclosure and transparency so as to combat aggressive tax planning on a global scale...

Mergers The Commission cleared: Hartree Partners Holdings, LP’s acquisition of exclusive control of Touton S.A. (M.12189), following a phase I investigation—see further in Midday Express the establishment of a joint venture by EVH Grüne Energie – Beteiligung GmbH & Co. KG and HSBC Alternative Investments S.C.A. SICAV-RAIF (M.12240), following a phase I investigation—see further in Midday Express the setting up of a joint venture by RCL Cruises Ltd....

Mergers Court of Justice dismisses appeals by German energy utility companies regarding Commission’s decision to approve the acquisition by E.ON of the distribution and retail energy business as well as certain general assets of Innogy The Court of Justice has handed down its judgments in joined appeals C-171/24 P, C-172/24 P, C-173/24 P, C-174/24 P, C-175/24 P, C-176/24 P, C-177/24 P, C-178/24 P, and C-179/24 P, brought by German energy utilities against the Commission. These challenges targeted the General Court’s rulings that had rejected actions seeking annulment of the Commission’s decision conditionally authorising a related transaction involving E.ON and RWE’s assets. Each appeal was dismissed by the Court of Justice. The nine appeals concerned the General Court’s judgments in cases T-53/21, T-55/21, T-56/21, T-58/21, T-59/21, T-61/21, T-62/21, T-64/21, and T-53/21, which upheld the Commission’s 17 September 20219 decision conditionally clearing the acquisition by RWE of E.ON’s renewable and nuclear electricity generation assets (M.8870). The Court of Justice dismissed all nine appeals. Background RWE and E.ON are...

Mergers The Commission has authorised: Ardian France S.A.’s acquisition of exclusive control of Energia Group Limited (M.12196) following a phase I investigation—see further in Midday Express the acquisition conferring exclusive control of Blohm + Voss B.V. & Co. ...

CASE HUB See more, timeline, commentary and connected cases. Case facts European Commission merger inquiry under Article 14(1) EUMR into inaccurate or misleading information supplied by KKR during the Commission’s 2024 review of KKR’s acquisition of NetCo. Latest developments On 24 July 2025, the Commission opened its investigation. Parties KKR & Co. Inc (KKR): Headquartered in the US, KKR is a global investment firm providing alternative asset management alongside capital markets and insurance services. NetCo: Based in Italy, NetCo is a newly established company that comprises FiberCop—presently jointly controlled by KKR and TIM—as well as TIM’s primary and backbone fixed-line network...

This table summarises all completed investigations by Singapore’s competition authority (the Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore—the CCCS) into alleged cartels, anti-competitive agreements and abuses of dominant positions since 2018. Note—only investigations that have been made public are included in this table. 2025 Investigations under section 34 of the Competition Act Remittance services — ZGR Global; Hanshan Issues: Restrictive agreement—information exchange Developments: Decision finding infringement—31/07/2025; penalties totalling $5.36m imposed Contracting — Trust-Build Engineering & Construction Pte. Ltd; Hunan Fengtian Construction Group Co. Ltd Issues: Restrictive agreement—bid rigging Developments: Decision finding infringement—23/05/2025; penalties totalling $4.6m imposed Investigations under section 47 of the Competition Act The CCCS has not yet issued any decisions under section 47 in 2025 2024 Investigations under section 34 of the Competition Act Remittance services — ZGR Global Pte Ltd; Hanshan...

Yunneng Wind Power Co. Limited successfully sought a Part 26A restructuring plan (RP), with the convening hearing in July 2023 and the sanction hearing in August 2023. The key points are set out below. Capitalised terms not defined here take the meanings assigned in the convening and sanction judgments. This Deal Debrief forms part of the Restructuring plans collection. For a fuller review of core metrics from RPs lodged in 2023, alongside commentary from leading figures in the restructuring sphere, see Practice Note: Market Insights Trend Report—trends in Part 26A restructuring plans in 2023 [Archived]. Name of plan company Yunneng Wind Power Co....

INSOLVENCY ACT APPLICATION NOTICE Case No: [ insert case number ]. Court: High Court (Business and Property Courts, Insolvency and Companies List (ChD)) OR Business and Property Courts in [ insert location ] OR County Court at [ insert location ] (Business and Property Work). In the matter of [ insert company’s name ] and the Insolvency Act 1986. Parties: [ Insert Applicant(s) ] v [ Insert Respondent(s) ]. Under IR 2016 r 18.23. Parties and addresses: Applicants [ names/addresses ]; Respondents [ names/addresses ]. Application relates to [ details ]. Judge: [ level ]. Venue: [ court/hearing centre ]. Ref: [ number ]. Orders sought: Fix remuneration at £[ insert sum ] plus VAT; disbursements £[ insert sum ]. Costs to be an expense of the [ liquidation/administration ]. Any further order or relief the court considers appropriate. Grounds: witness statement of [ name ], dated [ date ]. Service/notice: [ names/addresses, if any, or none ]. Address for...

This Agreement is dated [ date ] Parties [ insert name of the pursuer ], a company registered in Scotland (no [ insert company number ]), whose [ registered office OR principal place of business ] is at [ insert address ] (the Pursuer) [ and ] [ ; ] [ insert name of defender ], a company registered in Scotland (no [ insert company number ]), whose [ registered office OR principal place of business ] is at [ insert address ] (the Defender). Each being a Party and, together, the Parties. Whereas (A) [ Insert details of the background to the dispute eg ‘The Parties entered into a contract for the supply of certain goods etc ]. (B) A dispute has emerged between the Parties regarding [ insert details of the dispute ] (the Dispute). (C) [ Proceedings were raised by the Pursuer against the Defender on [ date ] by way of [ Summons OR...

In the First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Appeal No: XXXAPPLICANT NAME – AppellantANDSECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE HOME DEPARTMENT Application for costs under 9 (2) of the Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Rules 2014, SI 2014/2604 1 Introduction This application is brought pursuant to paragraph 9 (2) (b) of The Tribunal Procedure (First-tier Tribunal) (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) Rules 2014, SI 2014/2604. The appellant seeks a costs order on the basis that the respondent has behaved unreasonably in the conduct of these proceedings. 2 This application has been made in-time, within 28 days of the date of [ insert relevant event or decision ] and has been served on the respondent. 3 Background The appellant is pursuing an appeal against a refusal of her human rights claim. A’s claim was refused on [ insert date ] and an appeal was submitted on [ insert date ]. The Tribunal listed a substantive hearing for [ date ] at [...

If an employer appoints a utility co-ordinator to supervise and arrange utility connections with Statutory Undertakers, would this alter status of Statutory Undertakers, as set out in clause 2.26.6 of JCT Design & Build Contract?...

Joint property ownership in England and Wales When property is owned jointly in England and Wales, it is held in two ways. The legal title shows the names under which the property is registered. Those legal owners hold it on trust for the beneficial owners (also called equitable owners). Beneficial owners are often the same as the legal owners, but need not be. Legal title is always held as joint tenants. Accordingly, the registered owners hold the property ‘per muy et per tout’: each owns the entirety rather than fixed shares...

Legal co-owners are equitable tenants in common—conversion to equitable joint tenancy Legal co-owners holding property for themselves as equitable tenants in common may, where they agree, opt to hold as equitable joint tenants by executing a fresh declaration of trust. Please consult Practice Note: Residential property—transfers of equity and dealings with equitable interests in residential conveyancing, paying particular attention to the main section Specific scenarios for guidance on that topic within that resource. You might also find these resources helpful: Trusts of land for property lawyers—Overview Trusts of land—overview ...