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Databases meaning

What does Databases mean?
In legal practice, databases are structured collections of independent works, data or other materials used, maintained and licensed in technology, outsourcing and data‑rich commercial transactions, and frequently litigated in scraping, extraction and reuse disputes. The term is defined in legislation: in the UK by the copyright and Rights in Databases Regulations 1997, and in Ireland by measures implementing the EU Database Directive (96/9/EC). A database covers electronic and non‑electronic collections arranged systematically or methodically, with items individually accessible. Two forms of protection may apply, concurrently: - Copyright, protecting the original selection or arrangement where it reflects the author’s own intellectual creation. - The sui generis database right, protecting substantial investment in obtaining, verifying or presenting the contents. Key features include restrictions on extraction or re‑utilisation of the whole or a substantial part, and liability for repeated and systematic taking of insubstantial parts. Typical issues arise in licensing, due diligence, enforcement and data‑sharing. Jurisdictionally, protection is broadly consistent across England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland under the UK Regulations, and in Ireland under EU law. Post‑Brexit, the UK maintains a domestic database right, while the EU/Irish right continues under the Directive; cross‑border coverage depends on the maker’s qualifying establishment. Terms are typically...
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View the related News about Databases

NEWS
UK TMT weekly briefing: Getty v Stability AI trade mark ruling; OSA age assurance; High Court database right decision; ICO spam fine; ASA decision; spectrum trading amendments

In this issue: Media Internet Databases Data protection Advertising, marketing and sponsorship Telecommunications LexTalk®TMT: a Lexis®Nexis community Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Dates for your diary Trackers Useful information Media Getty gets pyrrhic victory in UK stability AI case Law360, London: On 4 November 2025, Getty Images persuaded a London court that artificial intelligence (AI) developer Stability AI had produced a small number of images infringing the stock image company’s trade marks. However, the court was not convinced that the model itself breached the photo giant’s intellectual property in this landmark dispute. See: Getty gets pyrrhic victory in UK stability AI case. Internet Ofcom launches call for evidence on age assurance effectiveness and app store safety under OSA 2023 Ofcom has opened a call for evidence to inform two statutory reports required by the Online Safety Act 2023 (OSA 2023). The reports will review...

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NEWS
First Czech decision on generative AI copyright: only natural persons can be authors; DALL-E image not protected; prompts alone are unprotectable 'themes'

In this matter, the claimant created an image using the DALL-E software application. The instruction read: 'produce a depiction of two parties signing a commercial contract in a formal environment, such as a conference room or a law firm office in Prague. Show only hands'. The claimant subsequently uploaded the resulting image to their own website. The defendant took the image from the claimant’s site and published it on their own. The claimant objected and, asserting authorship of the AI-generated picture, thereafter required that it be removed and not any longer shared or distributed or otherwise made available without their permission as author...

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NEWS
EU AI Act: final GPAI Code of Practice (July 2025) — transparency, copyright, safety and security commitments; key changes from Version 3, provider duties, documentation, timelines and next steps

The conclusive edition of the General-Purpose AI (GPAI) Code of Practice appeared on 10 July 2025. It succeeds three prior drafts, issued in November 2024, December 2024, and March 2025. Pending scrutiny and validation by the European Commission and Member States, the 10 July text is treated as definitive in advance of the GPAI provisions of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (the EU AI Act) taking effect on 2 August 2025. Commission guidance clarifying key notions linked to GPAI models, released on 18 July 2025, sits alongside the Code of Practice as an accompaniment. This Code is a voluntary instrument, supported by the EU AI Office and produced by a consortium of academics and industry participants, intended to assist GPAI model providers in fulfilling the corresponding obligations of the EU AI Act (see: LNB News 18/07/2025 40, LNB News 10/07/2025 58, LNB News 22/04/2025 37, LNB News 11/03/2025 62, LNB News 08/01/2025 10, LNB News 14/11/2024 41 and LNB News 30/07/2024 42). The Code is organised into three independently authored sections: Transparency,...

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View the related Practice Notes about Databases

PRACTICE NOTES
Court of Justice of the European Union State aid appeals—live tracker of appeals from the General Court and recovery actions

This tracker monitors current Court of Justice appeals concerning State aid (Articles 107–109 TFEU) and other aid recovery actions. For concluded matters, consult Court of Justice State aid appeals—closed cases tracker. Note—closed appeals are transferred from this page to the closed trackers within seven days of the final ruling. For the Commission’s recent State aid decisions, see EU State aid decisions—ongoing cases tracker; for appeals pending before the General Court, see General Court State aid appeals—ongoing cases tracker; and for national references before the Court of Justice touching on State aid, see Court of Justice State aid national references—ongoing cases tracker. Appeals from the General Court Case C-306/26 P, LM v Commission — Appeal against the General Court’s order in Case T-261/25 declaring inadmissible an annulment action concerning parts of Commission decision SA.44944—Tax treatment of public casinos in Germany and SA.53552—Alleged guarantee for public casinos in Germany (Wirtschaftlichkeitsgarantie). Latest development: Lodged—07/04/2026. Case C-505/24 P, Condor Flugdienst v Ryanair —...

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PRACTICE NOTES
UK competition dawn raids tracker (2000–2024): CMA and concurrent sector regulators’ public announcements under the Competition Act 1998 and Enterprise Act 2002

This table summarises all public announcements made by the CMA and concurrent sector regulators of dawn raids that have been carried out into alleged breaches of competition law since 2000 under the Competition Act 1998 and/or the Enterprise Act 2002 2024: Construction (roofing services) — companies not identified; CMA; suspected restrictive agreements—bid rigging; raid in 2024. 2021: Leicester City FC merchandise — CMA; alleged restrictive agreements—price collusion; raid in 2021. 2019: Supply of construction services — CMA; collusion—bid rigging; raid in 2019. 2019: Guitars (50565-3) — Fender Musical Instruments Europe Ltd; CMA; restrictive agreements—RPM; raid on 26/03/2019. 2018: Casio (digital pianos/keyboards) (50565-2) — CMA; restrictive agreements—RPM. Headings: 2024 — Case name, companies under investigation and industry; Competition authority; Issues; Date of dawn raid. 2021 — Case name, companies under investigation and industry; Competition authority; Issues; Date of dawn raid. 2019 — Case name, companies under investigation and industry; Competition authority; Issues; Date of dawn raid. 2018 — Case name, companies...

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PRACTICE NOTES
UK competition authorities and sector regulators—abuse of dominance closed cases tracker (Article 102 TFEU/Chapter II CA98; 2013–present)

This table outlines completed CMA, OFT and sectoral regulator investigations from 2013 under Article 102 TFEU/Chapter II of the Competition Act 1998. Only publicly disclosed cases are included. For ongoing behavioural matters, see UK behavioural investigations—ongoing cases tracker. For appeals, see UK competition appeals—ongoing cases tracker. For completed Article 101 TFEU/Chapter I cases, see UK behavioural investigations under Article 101 TFEU/Chapter I Competition Act—closed cases tracker. For instances where the CMA has pursued director disqualification, see UK competition director disqualifications—cases tracker. 2025 Gas transportation — Scotia Gas Networks; Ofgem. Issue: alleged abuse of dominance. Commitments accepted—02/12/2025 Consultation on commitments launched—09/09/2025 Investigation opened—08/03/2024 Vifor Pharma (abuse of dominance) — Vifor Pharma; CMA. Issue: alleged abuse of dominance by making misleading claims about a rival iron treatment. Commitments accepted—23/05/2025 Consultation on commitments launched—10/12/2024 Investigation opened—31/01/2024 2024 ...

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View the related Precedents about Databases

PRECEDENTS
Intra‑group Intellectual Property Licence Precedent (England and Wales): comprehensive terms, optional clauses and schedules for copyright, patents, trade marks, designs, domain names, databases and know‑how

This Licence is entered into on [ insert date ] (the Commencement Date): Parties [ insert licensor name ], a company incorporated in [ England and Wales ] under number [ insert company number ], whose registered office is at [ insert address ] (the Licensor); and [ insert licensee name ], a company incorporated in [ England and Wales ] under number [ insert company number ], whose registered office is at [ insert address ] (the Licensee), (each of the Licensor and the Licensee being a party and, together, the Licensor and the Licensee are the parties). Background (A) [ Explain the relationship between the Licensor and the Licensee. ] (B) [ The Licensor has entered into an agreement with the Licensee [ dated [ insert date ] ] (the Main Agreement) for [ insert other description of relevant transaction (referencing any relevant related agreements) ] (‘ Transaction ’). ] (C) The Licensor has agreed to...

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PRECEDENTS
Precedent Reply to Defence: Database Right Infringement (England and Wales, Business and Property Courts, IP List (ChD)/IPEC)

Case No. [ insert claim number ] IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE BUSINESS AND PROPERTY COURTS OF ENGLAND & WALES INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LIST (ChD) [ INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ENTERPRISE COURT ] BETWEEN: [ insert full name of claimant ] Claimant and [ insert full name of defendant ] Defendant REPLY 1 Save where stated otherwise, paragraph number references in this Reply refer solely to those within the Defence...

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PRECEDENTS
Database and Copyright Assignment Agreement (Pro-Assignor) (England and Wales)

This Agreement is dated [ insert date ]. Parties [ insert name ] [ of OR a company incorporated in [ England and Wales ] under number [ insert registered number ], with its registered office at ] [ insert address ] ( Assignor ); and [ insert name ] [ of OR a company incorporated in [ England and Wales ] under number [ insert registered number ], with its registered office at ] [ insert address ] ( Assignee ) (Each of the Assignor and the Assignee is a party and, together, the Assignor and the Assignee are the parties.) Background The Assignor holds the copyright and database rights in the Database. The Assignee is [ insert description of the Assignee’s background/background to assignment or relevant transaction ]. The Assignor agrees to assign all such copyright and database rights, and the Assignee agrees to accept that assignment, in accordance with the terms of this...

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