Deemed service meaning

As a general principle, an on-notice application must be served on every respondent as soon as reasonably practicable after filing, and in any case not fewer than three clear days before the date fixed for the court to hear it, unless a different period is then set by a rule, a practice direction, or a court order (CPR 23.7(1)). For further guidance, see Practice Note: Filing and serving applications...

In this issue: Contract law Building safety Litigation Arbitration Tax for construction lawyers Standard form contracts Construction industry news Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Construction trackers Contract law Employer deemed out of time in issuing a notification on the Monday after a Sunday deadline (My Contracts v 74 Hamilton Terrace) In My Contracts Ltd v 74 Hamilton Terrace Freehold Ltd [2024] EWHC 2896 (TCC), the TCC issued a declaration at the contractor’s request concerning the construction of a clause that imposed a deadline for the employer to notify costs for which the contractor was responsible. The court concluded the employer missed the deadline by serving the notice on the Monday immediately after the final day for service, which had fallen on a Sunday. Central to the decision was that the clause made no provision for the period to be calculated by reference to ‘Business Days’. See News Analysis: Employer...

Birmingham City Council v Persons Unknown (Re Protests in Support of the Bin Workers’ Strike) [2026] EWHC 373 (KB) What are the practical implications of this case? The ruling confirms that public bodies may secure protest injunctions against ‘persons unknown’ when there is cogent proof of mounting, intentional disruption, provided procedural protections are scrupulously followed. By declining to waive service, the court emphasised that CPR 6.16 demands truly exceptional circumstances. Accordingly, claimants should implement robust alternative notification measures and adhere closely to CPR 6.15, with explicit provisions on deemed service and liberty to apply. Injunction terms should be bounded by time and geography, and supported by precise evidence addressing trespass, private nuisance and public nuisance. On substance, the decision clearly distinguishes peaceful assembly from intentional blockage of access or critical services. Although Articles 10 and 11 are in play, persistent, targeted interference with public services is unlikely to sit at the heart of the protected rights...

CC/DEVAS (MAURITIUS) LTD v ANTRIX CORP LTD, 605 US ____ (2025) (Consolidated with Devas Multimedia Private Ltd v Antrix Corp Ltd) What are the practical implications of this case? Devas v Antrix carries practical consequences for US parties pursuing claims in the United States against foreign sovereign states and their instrumentalities. The Court clarified that the FSIA alone governs when a foreign sovereign state can be deemed to have waived sovereign immunity. Accordingly, those suing foreign states and their instrumentalities, even where the instrumentality is a corporate body, need not undertake any additional ‘minimum contacts’ assessment to establish personal jurisdiction; meeting the FSIA’s own conditions is sufficient. The Court did not, however, decide the factual issue of whether the particular claims in this dispute come within the FSIA’s arbitration exceptions at the outset. The ruling bears on how courts construe the FSIA’s jurisdictional prerequisites as a matter of statutory interpretation...

FORTHCOMING CHANGE : The Renters’ Rights Act 2025 received Royal Assent on 27 October 2025 For guidance on the Act’s effect on residential tenancies in England, refer to Practice Note: Renters’ Rights Act 2025—key provisions. That Practice Note details which party must issue a break notice and on whom it must be served, along with the acceptable methods of service. It addresses whether service is permitted or required by contract, the statutory frameworks governing service of notices, and the deeming rules under: section 196 of the Law of Property Act 1925 (LPA 1925) section 23 of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927 (LTA 1927) section 7 of the Interpretation Act 1978 (IA 1978) the common law It further considers how break notices align with statutory security of tenure for assured shorthold tenancies (ASTs) under the Housing Act 1988, and with business tenancies under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 (LTA 1954)...

This Practice Note explains in detail the requirements and rules governing the delivery and service of documents throughout the course of employment tribunal proceedings. Documents may need to be sent or served: to the tribunal: see Sending to the tribunal, below to the parties to the proceedings: see Sending to parties, below to others who are not parties to the proceedings: see Sending to non-parties and other special addressees, below In each situation there are rules setting out the permitted method and place of delivery. At times the address specified by the rules cannot be ascertained, or is known but presents practical difficulties; in such circumstances an order may permit service by another means or method: see Problems with regular address—substituted service, below. The date on which a document is delivered is often particularly critical in assessing compliance with procedural requirements. Consequently, there are deeming provisions for the various different methods of service that state the date on which a document will...

What is microfinance? The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) describes ‘microfinance’ as the provision of loans, savings and other basic financial services to the poor. Stakeholders interpret microfinance through their own lenses and thus tend to define it accordingly. Governments regard it as social protection. Donors emphasise its capacity to achieve poverty reduction. Commercial insurers see a pathway to large under-served markets. Analysts use it to spotlight the scale of the ‘bottom of the pyramid’. Academics consider it a crucial financial service for sustainable economic growth. These views broadly mirror those for conventional insurance, except for the clearly specified target group: low-income people. Put simply, microfinance is a collection of practices created to widen access to financial services (including loans, savings products, insurance and remittance services) for low-income clients. Typically, these clients are drawn from the poor populations deemed ‘unbankable or uncreditworthy by commercial banks’, for whom traditional sources of finance—lending in particular—are unavailable. Taken together, these...

PART [ Seven ] ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 1 Responsibility 1.1 The [ Offeree ] Directors, whose names are set out in paragraph 2.1 below, accept responsibility for the information in this document, save for the information for which others take responsibility pursuant to paragraph [ s ] [ 1.2 and ] 1.3 below. To the best of the knowledge and belief of the [ Offeree ] Directors (who have taken all reasonable care to ensure this), the information in this document for which they are responsible accords with the facts and does not omit anything likely to affect the import of that information. 1.2 [ The [ Offeror Parent ] Directors whose names are set out in paragraph 2.2 below accept responsibility for the information in this document relating to [ Offeror Parent ], the [ Wider ] [ Offeror ] Group (including [ Offeror ]), the [ Offeror Parent ] Directors, the [ Offeror ] Directors and their respective close relatives, related trusts and connected persons, and...

date [ date ] Parties [ name of Seller ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with registered office at ] [ address ] [ and whose address for service in England and Wales is [ address ] ] ( Seller ) [ name of Buyer ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with registered office at ] [ address ] [ and whose address for service in England and Wales is [ address ] ] ( Buyer ) [ [ name of Guarantor ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with registered office at ] [ address ] [ and whose address for service in England and Wales is [ address ] ] ( Guarantor ) ] 1 Definitions In this Agreement, the terms set out below shall have the meanings given: ...

Date [ date ] Parties [ name of Seller ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] [ and whose address for service in England and Wales is [ address ] ] (Seller) [ name of Buyer ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] [ and whose address for service in England and Wales is [ address ] ] (Buyer) [ [ name of Guarantor ] [ of OR incorporated in England and Wales (company registration number [ number ]) with its registered office at ] [ address ] [ and whose address for service in England and Wales is [ address ] ] (Guarantor) ] 1 Definitions In this Agreement, the terms set out below shall have the following meanings: Actual Completion...

This Q&A Assumes that the protection cited in this query concerns the safeguard granted by paragraph 2 of Schedule 8 to the Building Safety Act 2022 (BSA 2022). The BSA 2022, Sch 8 makes provision for the payment or otherwise of certain service charge amounts connected to relevant defects in relevant buildings, as set out. In particular, BSA 2022, Sch 8, para 2 states that no service charge is payable under a lease of any premises in a relevant building in respect of any relevant measure relating to a relevant defect where a relevant landlord is responsible for the relevant defect, or is associated with the person responsible for the relevant defect. If it is established that BSA 2022, Sch 8, para 2 applies, no service charge is payable in respect of ‘relevant measures’...

Costs under LRHUDA 1993, s 60 As a broad rule, when a notice is given under section 42 of the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993 (LRHUDA 1993), the tenant who gives it is liable—so far as they have been incurred by any relevant person acting in pursuance of the notice (for example, the landlord)—for that person’s reasonable costs: LRHUDA 1993, s 60(1). In addition, if the section 42 notice later ceases to have effect, or is deemed withdrawn, the tenant’s liability under this section is for the costs incurred by any person only up to that time (the precise ambit is set out in LRHUDA 1993, s 60). Accordingly, LRHUDA 1993, s 60 raises two issues where an error occurs when launching a tenant’s claim for a new lease: Does a purported section 42 notice that is invalid for some reason still fall within the rule as ‘a notice’? Alternatively, what is the consequence if a valid section 42 notice is...

Common law rules of service At common law, methods of service govern notices given under section 21 of the Housing Act 1988 (HA 1988) to recover possession of an assured shorthold tenancy. However, any contractual service terms in the tenancy agreement can override them, so the agreement needs careful review...