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Defence of tender before claim meaning

What does Defence of tender before claim mean?
A defence used where, before proceedings were issued, the defendant unconditionally offered the claimant the full sum actually due and remained ready and willing to pay it. Often called “tender before action”, it is a common law defence recognised across the UK and Ireland (not a statutory scheme), with effects shaped by case law and procedural rules. Key features include: an unconditional offer of the correct amount (including any accrued interest then due), made to the right person, in legal tender, before the claim was started, and “kept good” (the money remains available, historically by payment in or lodgment). If established, it can defeat a debt or other liquidated money claim, or at least cut off further interest and shift costs from the date of tender. In England and Wales it sits outside CPR Part 36 and is distinct from formal Part 36 offers. In Scotland it is different from a judicial tender (which is post-raising), though a valid pre-litigation tender can affect expenses. Northern Ireland and Ireland have similar common law principles, with lodgment/tender procedures (eg under Order 22) informing how the defence is proved and its costs consequences.
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NEWS
Local government weekly law update—20 Feb 2025: Procurement Act 2023, NPPS and PPNs; case law across housing, planning, healthcare, education, governance and social care; funding, guidance and devolution developments

In this issue: Public procurement Healthcare Social housing Education Governance Children's social care Social care Planning Daily and weekly news alerts New and updated content Latest Q&A Public procurement TCC considers permission for late re-amendments to statement of case in emergency network contract dispute (Airwave v Secretary of State) The case of Airwave v Secretary of State concerned a late bid to re‑amend an Amended Defence. The court declined permission for changes that were predominantly historic and bore no direct bearing on the defendants’ position. By contrast, it allowed re‑amendments with a genuine prospect of success, on condition that the defendants reformulated them as a crisp, self‑contained summary of the specific allegation. The court also emphasised that sweeping cross‑references to documents are unsuitable where concise particulars are required. Although the application was late, it was not treated as very late (i.e. one that would jeopardise the trial timetable), since, with appropriate case...

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View the related Practice Notes about Defence of tender before claim

PRACTICE NOTES
Discharging contractual debts in England and Wales: due dates, part payment (Pinnel's/Foakes), instalments, set-off, appropriation, joint debtors, third-party payments, tender before claim, and sanctions

This Practice Note offers guidance on satisfying a contractual debt. It sets out how to identify when a sum falls due, what amounts to a discharge, and the implications of part payment (including the rule in Pinnel’s case, payment by instalments, compromise agreements and promissory estoppel). It also covers the involvement of third parties, the appropriation of payments to multiple debts, the defence of tender before claim, and the impact of illegality on paying a debt. For clarity on what a debt claim comprises, see Practice Note: Debt claims. For practical guidance on bringing debt claims, consult: Practice Note: Starting a contractual debt claim—a practical guide Practice Note: Pleading debt claims—worked hypothetical examples Starting a contractual debt claim—checklist Responding to a contractual debt claim—checklist See also Precedents: Letter of claim—contractual debt claim Letter of claim—contractual debt claim—in compliance with the Pre-Action Protocol for Debt Claims Covering letter to accompany Reply Form in response to letter of...

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