Electronic document meaning

STOP PRESS: The Financial Remedies Guide 2026 Published on 13 March 2026 by Mr Justice Peel and His Honour Judge Hess, and approved by the President of the Family Division, the Guide replaces and supersedes: efficiency statement for High Court judge cases (1 February 2016) efficiency statement below High Court judge level (11 January 2022) Financial Remedies Court Primary Principles (11 January 2022) Notice: electronic bundles (19 April 2022) Allocation of financial remedies cases to High Court judge level (21 May 2024) This document is being updated accordingly. The flowchart maps the steps when the accelerated first appointment procedure is available in the Financial Remedies Court within the Family Court. For practical guidance—including overviews, Practice Notes, precedents, guides, legislation, forms and further reading—see Financial provision—practice and procedure—overview or the related documents on the right-hand side of the flowchart; for all Lexis+ UK family flowcharts see Index of family flowcharts; for the accelerated route, see Accelerated first appointment...

STOP PRESS: The Financial Remedies Guide 2026, issued on 13 March 2026 by Mr Justice Peel (National Lead Judge of the Financial Remedies Court) and His Honour Judge Hess (Deputy National Lead Judge of the Financial Remedies Court), and approved by the President of the Family Division, replaces and supersedes the following: Statement on the efficient handling of financial remedy cases assigned to a High Court judge, whether sitting at the Royal Courts of Justice or in any other venue (1 February 2016) (the High Court judge level efficiency statement) Statement on the efficient conduct of financial remedy hearings in the Financial Remedies Court below High Court judge level (11 January 2022) (the below High Court judge level efficiency statement) Financial Remedies Court Primary Principles document (11 January 2022) Notice from the Financial Remedies Court on electronic bundles (19 April 2022) Allocation of financial remedies cases to High Court judge level (21 May 2024) This document is being updated...

STOP PRESS: The Financial Remedies Guide 2026, released on 13 March 2026 by Mr Justice Peel (National Lead Judge of the Financial Remedies Court) and His Honour Judge Hess (Deputy National Lead Judge of the Financial Remedies Court), and approved by the President of the Family Division, now replaces and supersedes: the Statement on the efficient conduct of financial remedy cases assigned to a High Court judge, whether heard at the Royal Courts of Justice or elsewhere (1 February 2016) (the High Court judge level efficiency statement) the Statement on the efficient conduct of financial remedy hearings in the Financial Remedies Court below High Court judge level (11 January 2022) (the below High Court judge level efficiency statement) the Financial Remedies Court Primary Principles document (11 January 2022) the Notice from the Financial Remedies Court: electronic bundles (19 April 2022) the Allocation of financial remedies cases to High Court judge level (21 May 2024) This document is being updated...

Stage 1—preparing to bring a claim and pre-action matters Guidance on UK trade mark infringement, offences, passing off, interim injunctions, running IP disputes, privilege, dispute resolution (mediation and arbitration), and the Disclosure Scheme; plus checklists and forms (injunction, application, hearing) Stage 2—Letter before action alleging infringement Notes on infringement, passing off, unjustified threats and drafting; includes a trade mark letter of claim precedent Stage 3—commencing proceedings Procedure, defences and exceptions, IPEC flowchart, pleadings and initial disclosure precedents, and CPR/Part 36 forms Stage 4—case management Procedure and Disclosure Scheme notes, court guides (Chancery, Patents Court, IPEC and Small Claims), and case management questionnaires, Disclosure Review Document, Certificate of Compliance, budgets and directions Stage 5—disclosure and evidence Surveys and witness evidence (PD 57AC), privilege, disclosure (including electronic) and flexible trials; witness statement and Extended Disclosure precedents; affidavits, applications and certificates Stage 6—trial...

On Tower UK Ltd v British Telecommunications Plc [2025] EWCA Civ 844 What are the practical implications of this case? Landlords and site providers will need to ensure that an agreement’s term has been, or will be, brought to an end in accordance with its contractual terms before serving paragraph 31 notices under the Electronic Communications Code, in Schedule 3A to the Communications Act 2003 (CA 2003) (Code), where those notices are intended to take effect after the contractual term has ended. The decision leaves open whether a landlord or site provider must wait for a break notice to expire, and demonstrate satisfaction of any break pre-conditions, before a paragraph 31 notice can then be issued; or whether it is adequate simply to serve the break notice and then—perhaps the following day—a paragraph 31 notice (or even to place both mechanisms within a single document). If that latter course is available, there remains the question of what the position would be if one or more break pre-conditions ultimately cannot...

In this issue: EU fundamentals Competition and State aid Energy Environment Financial services Insurance Life Sciences Regulatory TMT International trade LexTalk®EU Law: a Lexis®Nexis community Daily and weekly news alerts Trackers New and updated content EU fundamentals European Commission releases September 2024 infringement package The European Commission has issued its September 2024 infringement package, identifying the Member States it is pursuing for breaches of obligations under EU law. This cycle includes letters of formal notice to 17 Member States for not properly transposing Directive (EU) 2022/2464, the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, and to Spain for incomplete transposition of Directive 2019/1158, the Work-life Balance Directive, among other matters. See: LNB News 26/09/2024 28. Competition and State aid Antitrust—Google and Alphabet v Commission (Google Shopping) The Court of Justice has dismissed Google’s most recent appeal in the Google Shopping case, affirming the Commission’s abuse of dominance findings and...

In this issue: Key DR developments Claims and remedies Cross-border disputes Enforcement Pre-action and limitation Litigation Case management Applications—specific Scottish Dispute Resolution New content Dates for your diary Useful information Daily and weekly news alerts Key DR developments Civil Procedure Rule Committee Minutes of the CPR Committee meeting—5 December 2025: The record of the Civil Procedure Rule Committee sitting on 5 December 2025 (held in hybrid form at The Rolls Building (Royal Courts of Justice) and by video link) ranges over numerous matters, including: developments on the court’s ability to compel non‑party disclosure requests; post‑consultation traffic enforcement; judicial review reforms for Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects; revisions to closed material procedure; continuations of the Online Civil Money Claims pilot (CPR PD 51R) and the Mediation Pilots (CPR PD 51ZE); and interim serious crime prevention orders, alongside assorted notices of forthcoming rule and practice direction amendments. For more detail, consult News Analysis: Minutes of the CPR Committee meeting—5 December 2025 on its agenda here. Artificial intelligence ...

This Practice Note offers practical direction on correctly executing documents when one or more parties to a contract are not physically together, often referred to as virtual signing or a virtual closing. The Law Society has brought together established materials covering: execution of documents by virtual means, use of electronic signatures, its ‘Tips on how to operate in practice’ concerning virtual execution and the use of e‑signatures, and Q&A on using electronic signatures and completing virtual executions, including ‘Our position on the use of virtual execution and e‑signature during the coronavirus (COVID‑19) pandemic’. We have assembled a comprehensive, interactive collection to help users identify and navigate the concepts and common issues involved in executing documents, including by virtual means. Each section or phase contains practical guidance, precedent clauses and Q&As relevant to that stage. For more information, see: Execution collection. Mercury Tax Case This guidance aligns with the Law Society’s position issued on 16 February 2010 in response...

Remote execution—Q&As This Practice Note sets out Q&As addressing practical points arising with remote execution, with emphasis in particular on the following scenarios: Virtual execution Electronic signatures Share certificates Virtual execution If I cannot meet the people I am contracting with to sign a contract, how can I complete the contract securely and by virtual means? My company needs to enter into a document as a deed but everyone is working from home. Is it in fact possible to execute a deed virtually? Are mixed signings permitted? For example, where one party to a deed signs a counterpart in wet ink and another signs a counterpart using an electronic signature; where one counterpart is signed in wet ink and the other counterpart is executed by virtual means (a Mercury signature); or where one counterpart bears a Mercury signature and the other counterpart has been signed with an electronic signature. Is there a requirement under law...

The rules regarding Scottish electronic documents and their execution are contained in: Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995 (RW(S)A 1995) Assimilated Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market (as amended by the Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019) (UK eIDAS) Land Registration etc (Scotland) Act 2012 (LRE(S)A 2012) Electronic Documents (Scotland) Regulations 2014, SSI 2014/83 Land Registration etc (Scotland) Act 2012 (Commencement No 2 and Transitional Provisions) Order 2014, No 41 (C 4) (2014 Order) Land Register of Scotland (Automated Registration) etc Regulations 2014, SSI 2014/347 Legal Writings (Counterparts and Delivery) (Scotland) Act 2015 (LW(CD)(S)A 2015) The Law Society of Scotland has produced a third edition of its guidance on electronic execution of documents: Law Society of Scotland—Electronic signatures guide (Third Edition). Assimilated law is the term used for retained EU law (‘REUL’) that continues in force after the...

STOP PRESS: The Financial Remedies Guide 2026 Published on 13 March 2026 by Mr Justice Peel (National Lead Judge of the Financial Remedies Court) and His Honour Judge Hess (Deputy National Lead Judge of the Financial Remedies Court), and approved by the President of the Family Division, the Guide supersedes and replaces: the Statement on the efficient conduct of financial remedy cases assigned to a High Court judge, whether at the Royal Courts of Justice or elsewhere (1 February 2016) (the High Court judge level efficiency statement) the Statement on the efficient conduct of financial remedy hearings in the Financial Remedies Court below High Court judge level (11 January 2022) (the below High Court judge level efficiency statement) the Financial Remedies Court Primary Principles (11 January 2022) the Notice from the Financial Remedies Court concerning electronic bundles (19 April 2022) the Allocation of financial remedies cases to High Court judge level (21 May 2024) This document is being updated...

Part 1, interpretation and limitation of liability Unless the context requires otherwise, these articles use terms defined in the Companies Act 2006 (and any amending or subordinate legislation) and within these articles. Defined terms include: address; articles; bankruptcy (including similar overseas procedures); chair and chair of the meeting (articles 13 and 30); Companies Acts; director (including anyone acting as such); document (including electronic); electronic form/means and hard copy form; instrument; member; ordinary and special resolutions; eligible director; participate; proxy notice; relevant officer (non‑auditor officers of the company or any group undertaking, present or former); subsidiary; and writing (any visible representation, including electronic) The model articles are excluded. Unless otherwise stated, statutory expressions bear the meaning they had when these articles became binding. References to legislation include any modification, re‑enactment or replacement. Singular includes plural and vice versa; masculine includes feminine and neuter; persons include corporations Each member’s liability is limited to £1, payable on a winding up while a member or within one year of ceasing, towards:...

A. Additional documents for main applicant Provide proof of ongoing employment and that you can financially support yourself and any dependants in the UK. Submit payslips and bank statements for a three‑month or 12‑month span (see comment), showing a full pay breakdown, including salary and any commission, and evidence of your financial self‑sufficiency. The most recent item must be dated within 31 days of the application. Payslips: either on company headed paper naming your employer, or printouts of online payslips. Personal bank or building society statements: either on bank stationery; ad hoc statements on the bank’s letterhead (not mini‑statements from Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs)); or printouts of electronic statements. All statements must include: your name account number statement date the financial institution’s name, contact details, and a branch code all transactions for the period Also provide proof of UK accommodation, for example a tenancy agreement or mortgage papers. Document formats may vary...

It can be useful to review, in sequence, the following key points: the obligation in section 1 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA 1996) to issue a written statement of employment particulars the terms of the contract of employment an employer’s Human Resource (HR)-related policies the use of electronic signatures Written statement of employment particulars Under ERA 1996, s 1(1), an employer must also provide a worker with a written statement setting out the specified particulars of employment identified in ERA 1996, s 1(3) and (4). For more detailed guidance on this duty, see Practice Note: Written statements of employment particulars. Where the particulars concern sick leave and pay, other paid leave, pension rights and training, the statement may instead direct the worker to another document that is reasonably accessible (ERA 1996, ss 1(4)(d)(ii)–(iii), 1(4)(l) and 2(2))...