Powered by Lexis+®
Jurisdiction(s):
United Kingdom
CASE STUDY

“A lot of the work that I do is historic-the maximum sentences change at different points of time. It's really complicated and people get it wrong all the time. That's when having a timeline is really useful.”

1 High Pavement

Access all documents on Extreme events

Extreme events meaning

What does Extreme events mean?
In legal practice, extreme events are low‑probability, high‑impact occurrences (tail‑risk or “black swan” events) that severely disrupt contracts, markets or operations, for example pandemics, war, catastrophic weather, market closures or major cyber incidents. The phrase is descriptive rather than a defined legal term; its consequences depend on the relevant instrument and context. Contractually, risk is usually addressed through force majeure, material adverse change (MAC), hardship, or market disruption provisions, which should specify triggers, notice, mitigation and rights to suspend or terminate. Absent such wording, parties may rely on the doctrine of frustration across the UK and Ireland, though the threshold is high. In insurance, extreme events are managed through catastrophe covers, named perils and exclusions (and issues of aggregation, sub‑limits and waiting periods). In financial regulation and investment management, the concept appears in stress testing (e.g. “severe but plausible” scenarios under FCA/PRA and Central Bank of Ireland frameworks) and in mandate compliance, disclosures and performance reporting. Usage is broadly consistent across England & Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland; definitions, if any, are instrument‑specific. In practice, extreme events are frequently cited by investment managers to explain underperformance; lawyers assess whether such risks were allocated, disclosed, and reasonably foreseeable.
Speed up all aspects of your legal work with tools that help you to work faster and smarter. Win cases, close deals and grow your business–all whilst saving time and reducing risk.

View the related News about Extreme events

NEWS
2023 UK Home Insurance: Record £573m Weather Claims; ABI Seeks Flood Defence and Planning Reforms; Lloyd's Faces ESG Criticism

The Association of British Insurers (ABI) The ABI said weather-related damage claims increased from the £421m paid by insurers in 2022, a 36% jump, following a series of severe weather events... Storm damage claims after multiple damaging weather episodes totalled £133m. Subsequent flooding claims added a further £286m in 2023. Burst water pipes in early 2023 triggered claims worth £153m. Policy adviser Louise Clark warned that, as the UK grapples with a changing climate, extreme weather could become commonplace. She noted that insurers have continued to support affected homeowners, with payouts reaching record highs...

Read More Right Arrow
NEWS
Munich Re: 2023 global natural catastrophe insured losses US$95bn; severe storms, underinsurance in Turkey–Syria quakes and 74,000 deaths expose protection and climate‑risk gaps

Although storms across North America and Europe proved more damaging than ever, there were no mega-disasters to push last year’s losses higher, according to Munich Re Group. The company noted that insured losses overall slipped beneath the five-year norm of US$105bn. The German reinsurer compiles information from government bodies, scientific institutions, trade associations, the insurance sector, the media, and other publicly accessible sources to assess the bill for natural catastrophes in aggregate and for insurers. 'The year 2023 was, once more, marked by exceptionally high insured losses from natural disasters, despite there being no extreme individual events,' said Thomas Blunck, a member of the board at Munich Re Group...

Read More Right Arrow

View the related Practice Notes about Extreme events

PRACTICE NOTES
Voluntary GHG reporting in the UK: legal context, domestic guidance (SECR, CCAs) and alignment with international standards (GHG Protocol, TCFD, SBTi, IFRS S2, ISO 14064)

Reasons for reporting greenhouse gas emissions Over the past decade, expectations on businesses and public bodies to disclose greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have steadily escalated, creating growing momentum for transparent reporting. Analyses of climate impacts—most notably assessments from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)—together with tangible extreme weather events across the real world, have sharpened this pressure by underscoring the urgent need to cut emissions. Global accords, including the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement and the UNFCCC Conferences of the Parties (COP), further amplify the drive on organisations and authorities to curb GHG releases. For further detail on the Paris Agreement and recent COP gatherings, see Practice Note: The Paris Agreement 2015—snapshot. Within the UK, the Climate Change Act 2008 imposes binding obligations on government to cut national carbon emissions, including a statutory requirement for the UK to reach net zero carbon by 2050...

Read More Right Arrow
PRACTICE NOTES
Digitalising Supply Chains: Technologies, Benefits, Risks, and Legal and Regulatory Contractual Considerations

refers to the transition from manual, paper-based or other analogue, non-digital processes to integrated digital technologies and tools that enable the efficient flow and movement of goods, information and finances between suppliers, manufacturers, logistics providers and customers. In practice, this means the adoption and integration of digital solutions across all stages of the supply chain, from sourcing and procurement through to production, distribution and delivery. Digitalisation is realised using a range of technologies including data analytics, automation, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT). Its importance has increased as supply chains have become more volatile, complex, opaque and cost-intensive. Today, supply chains face significant risks from global disruptions (such as the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical tensions and trade restrictions, including tariffs), extreme weather and climate-related events, regulatory pressures and rising expectations for transparency. In this landscape, adopting digital technologies is becoming essential not only for operational efficiency but also to secure long-term strategic advantage. When executed effectively, digitalisation allows businesses to predict, control and respond in real time....

Read More Right Arrow
PRACTICE NOTES
Flood risk due diligence: searches, assessments and reporting for property, corporate, finance and development transactions

Introduction to flood searches Flooding has become a leading environmental hazard in the UK, with wide-ranging consequences for homeowners, lenders, surveyors, developers and other businesses. Rising flood risk is a consequence of climate change. For further insight into climate change and its influence on flooding, see News Analysis: A new era of climate change reality—a rising tide. As extreme weather events increase, urban environments are more exposed because floodwater cannot infiltrate hardstanding paving and be retained within underlying soils. Consequently, places susceptible to flooding can no longer be assumed to be only those close to rivers and streams. Tools and data to evaluate climate risk are now more readily available. Flood searches are a critical component of due diligence, identifying flood risk at a site-specific scale and advising on the best ways to mitigate and adapt to such risks. When are flood searches needed? The Law Society’s practice note on flood risk provides guidance on flood search requirements and emphasises the need to consider flood risk at...

Read More Right Arrow